ENGLISH

10卷/4期

10卷/4期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

315-326

論文名稱

利用衛星遙測影像探討保安林地景結構之研究

Title

Studies on the Landscape Structure of the Protection Forest Using Satellite Data

作者

鍾玉龍,呂明倫

Author

Yuh-Lurng Chung,Ming-Lun Lu

中文摘要

保安林具有國土保安之功能,其分布遍及全台,如何有效地訂定經營決策,為經營者應注視之問題。本研究係以遙感探測之技術,探討墾丁國家公園轄區內區外保安林之地景結構,並利用多變量分析法,將研究區內20個區外保安林分為3大集群,以地景生態學觀之,可將各集群歸納為多樣化結構、單純性結構以及破碎結構。經由本研究所篩選出的地景指標中,NP、ED及SHDI可用以評估保安林地景結構之干擾程度,分析結果顯示,干擾程度較高處皆為人為活動頻繁與易受強風侵襲之區域。

Abstract

The protection forest is distributed scattering among the island of Taiwan, its function in safeguarding the territory is very important. How to establish an efficient protection forest management policy is a main task for the manager. This study focused on how to use a new technique of remote sensing to research landscape structure of the protection forest within Kenting National Park. Multivariate analysis was used to group the 20 protection forest into 3 groups, and according to the landscape ecology theory to name them as diversity landscape structure, simple landscape structure and fragmentation landscape structure. Moreover we select NP (number of patches), ED (edge density) and SHDI (Shannon’s diversity indices) index to assess the disturbance of protection forest. The result showed that the region which protection forest impact seriously was that the human activity frequently or northeast monsoon attacked area.

關鍵字

遙感探測、多變量分析、地景生態學、干擾

Keywords

remote sensing, multivariate analysis, landscape ecology, distur

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-315-326

Pages:

327-336

論文名稱

應用地面雷射掃描儀測算樹高之研究

Title

A Study on Estimating Tree Heights from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data

作者

陳永寬,詹進發, 葉堃生,鄭祈全,施瑩瑄

Author

Yeong-Kuan Chen,Jihn-Fa Jan,Kuen-Sheng Yeh,Chi-Chuan Cheng, Ying-Hsuan Shih

中文摘要

應用空載光達(Airborne Lidar)在台灣密林地區進行點雲掃描蒐集,常因樹冠或地被植物覆蓋過密,阻擋光束進行而無法獲得足夠地表點雲資料,造成樹高估算偏誤。本研究選定陽明山區一針、闊葉樹混交林地,應用地面雷射掃描儀(Terrestrial Laser Scanner)於林下進行點雲掃描蒐集,實測立木位置與樹高,經點雲過濾、立木中心點搜尋等程序,自動估算樹高,並評估其準確度。結果發現,直立生長之優勢木,可簡易以最高點雲高程減去最低點雲高程,其差值即可正確推估樹高,誤差不超過全株實長之5%;但是被壓木或是不直立生長之林木樹高之推估成果則不盡理想,樹高推估之演算法有待改進。本研究亦發現,試區現場密集掃描之點雲,詳細記錄林地、林木、植被、樹冠、枝條、樹幹等,可轉算出地理座標,並進行三維展示。筆者等將進一步研發適當演算式,用以切取樹幹剖面、量度胸高直徑、分析枝梢率、量測樹冠直徑、估算地上部生物量等。

Abstract

The objective of this study was to estimate tree heights from point clouds scanned by a terrestrial laser scanner over a dense forest where the airborne lidar can not obtain enough ground return points. A 50m×50m sample plot was chosen in Yangminshan National Park where is located in northern Taiwan, and point clouds were then collected by utilizing Leica HDS3000 terrestrial laser scanner. Coordinates of each tree were surveyed by a total station and tree heights were estimated by subtract local minimum elevation from local maximum elevation by searching the point clouds within a specified radius at each surveyed tree location. True heights of trees in the sample plot were manually measured and were compared to the estimated tree heights. The result shows that the heights of dominate trees growing erectly can be estimated by simply subtracting the minimum elevation from maximum elevation, and the correctness of estimation are within 5% of the surveyed height, but results in other situations were not perform well. Other algorithm for point searching and tree height estimation must be then developed.

關鍵字

地面雷射掃描儀、地面光達、三維影像掃描儀、空載光達、樹高估算

Keywords

terrestrial laser scanner, terrestrial lidar, 3D image scanner, Airborne Lidar, tree height estimation

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-327-336

Pages:

337-350

論文名稱

基於SMS 演算法進行半自動化房屋模型之重建

Title

An Interactive Scheme for Building Modeling Using the SMS Algorithm and Multi-Overlapping Aerial Images

作者

饒見有,王冠華,陳良健

Author

Jiann-Yeou Rau,Guam-Hua Wang,Liang-Chien Chen

中文摘要

本研究基於「分割-合併-成型」演算法之特性,以半自動方式重建房屋之三維模型,所利用之資料為多重疊數位航空照片。由於「分割-合併-成型」演算法可以接受不完整之屋緣線段,因此可以利用影像特徵萃取與影像匹配技術,求得未被遮蔽屋緣之三維線段,進而重建房屋三維幾何模型。首先,操作者可以人工點選房屋屋角之近似位置,據以進行局部的線型特徵萃取,再搭配特徵線段匹配與前方交會,以獲得屋緣之三維線段,進而使用「分割-合併-成型」演算法重建房屋之三維模型。實驗結果顯示,對於特徵明顯之線型房屋邊界,且高程為連續之房屋,本文所提出之方法可以有效地重建房屋之三維幾何模型。

Abstract

This investigation based on the characteristics of “Split-Merge-Shape” algorithm, utilizes a semi-automated strategy for building reconstruction. The original data used are the multi-overlapping aerial images. Since the SMS algorithm adopts incomplete roof-edges for building reconstruction, we proposed an interactive scheme that utilizes the image feature extraction and image matching techniques for non-hidden roof-edges extraction. First, an operator may manually locate the rough position of building corners in an image to obtain its approximate coordinates. Subsequently, the linear feature extraction and matching techniques were performed to extract precise location of roof-edges. Then, the 3D roof-edges can be calculated by means of photogrammetric space resection. Finally, we can adopt the SMS algorithm for building reconstruction. Experiment results show that the proposed scheme is effective provided that the building roof-edges are linear and high contrast with continuous height variation.

關鍵字

分割-合併-成型、重建房屋模型、線型特徵物萃取

Keywords

Split-Merge-Shape, Building Reconstruction, Linear Feature Extraction

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-337-350

Pages:

351-360

論文名稱

DTM, GIS, and DSS 於林地生態系分類和適宜性分析之研究

Title

DTM, GIS, and DSS Applications in Forestland Ecosystem Classification and Suitability Analysis

作者

鄭祈全, 陳永寬,詹進發,王素芬

Author

Chi-Chuan Cheng,Yeong-Kuan Chen ,Jen-Fa Jan ,Su-Fen Wang

中文摘要

本研究旨在應用數值地型模型,地理資訊系統,決策支援系統等技術於六龜試驗林之林地生態系分類和適宜性分析研究,內容包括利用數值地型模型粹取生態系單元、利用地理資訊系統和多變值統計方法研發階層式的林地生態系分類體系、以及建立林地分類決策支援系統,並以台灣杉之適宜性分析做為應用個案。研究結果顯示,數值地型模型可自動、快速、有效地粹取不同空間尺度的生態系單元;研發的階層式林地生態系分類體系亦符合六龜試驗林之地形特性;所建立的決策支援系統,可簡易地提供林地分類和台灣杉適宜性分析之用。由研究結果可歸納結論如下: 數值地型模型,地理資訊系統,決策支援系統等技術之應用,可協助森林經營者合理、有效地規劃林地生態系分類和適宜性分析,除此外,本研究執行六龜試驗林林地生態系分類所建立的方法與架構亦可提供台灣全島林地生態系分類之用。

Abstract

This study focuses on using techniques such as digital terrain model (DTM), geographic information system (GIS), and decision support system (DSS) for forestland ecosystem classification and suitability analysis of the Liukuei Experimental Forest of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. The content includes the delineation of ecosystem units using DTM, the development of a hierarchical ecosystem classification system using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis, and the establishment of a forestland classification DSS with an application on site selection of a Taiwanese native species – Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides). The results indicate that DTM is a fast, easy, feasible, and automatic approach for delineating ecosystem units of different spatial scales. The developed hierarchical ecosystem classification is a satisfactory scheme for Liukuei’s forestland classification because the developed scheme coincides with the terrain characteristics along a continuum. The established DSS can effectively and feasibly analyze forestland classification under different spatial scales. Meanwhile, the system can easily perform site selection for Taiwania. From the results, it is concluded that techniques such as DTM, GIS, and DSS are useful for forest managers in the reasonable planning of forestland classification and management practice. In addition, the ecosystem approaches obtained from the Experimental Forest can be extended to island-wide forestland classification in Taiwan.

關鍵字

數值地型模型,地理資訊系統,決策支援系統,林地生態系分類,適宜性分析

Keywords

Digital terrain model (DTM), geographic information system (GIS), decision support system (DSS), forestland ecosystem classification, suitability analysis.

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-351-360

Pages:

361-371

論文名稱

整合光達資料與高解析衛星影像於建物偵測

Title

Fusion of Lidar data and high resolution satellite imagery for building detection

作者

張智安,陳良健

Author

Tee-Ann Teo, Liang-Chien Chen

中文摘要

本研究之目的為整合光達資料與高解析衛星影像於建築物偵測。工作重點包括資料前處理、區塊分割及建物偵測等三個部分。資料前處理包括點雲分類、網格化及空間套合,研究中使用有理函數轉換模式配合地面控制點進行空間套合,將光達資料與高解析衛星影像轉換到一致的坐標系統中。在區塊分割中,針對網格化光達資料及正射化高解析衛星影像進行區域分割,產生高程及光譜性質相似的區塊。在建物偵測部份,以區塊為單元進行決策樹分類,決策樹分類所使用的分類準則包括:高程、光譜、紋理及形狀特徵。研究中使用新竹科學園區之Leica ALS40光達資料及QuickBird 衛星影像進行測試,並使用一千分之一數值地藉圖做為檢核。實驗結果顯示,結合光達資料及高解析衛星影像於建物偵測之精度優於89%。

Abstract

This investigation is to integrate the Lidar data and high resolution satellite image for building detection. The proposed scheme includes preprocessing, segmentation, and classification. The preprocessing includes point cloud classification, rasterization, and spatial registration. We employ ground control points and rational polynomial coefficients in spatial registration. Thus, the two data sets are unified in the same object coordinate system. In the segmentation, we combine the raster form Lidar data and high resolution satellite orthoimages. The data with similar heights and spectral attributes are merged into a region. In the classification, we use the region-based decision classification to separate the building and non-building regions. The attributes considered in the classification include: elevation, spectral, texture and shape of regions. LIDAR data acquired by Leica ALS 40 and QuickBird satellite images were used in the validation. A 1/1000 scale topographic map was used as ground truth. The experiment results indicate that the building detection may exceed 89% of accuracy.

關鍵字

光達、高解析衛星影像、區塊分割、決策樹分類、建物偵測

Keywords

Lidar, high resolution satellite image, segmentation, decision tree classification, building detection

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-361-371

Pages:

373-384

論文名稱

應用航測資料與數學模式監測民墾地變遷之研究

Title

Monitoring of Landscape Change on Unlawful Cultivated Forestland Using Photogrammetric data and Mathematical Models

作者

吳治達,鄭祈全

Author

Chih-Da Wu,Chi-Chuan Cheng

中文摘要

森林地景變遷監測之目的在掌握過去及現在地景結構的變化過程,並進一步推估未來演變趨勢,以提供森林經營管理之依據。本研究應用航測技術製作1971與1998年之土地利用類型圖,量化與人為干擾有關之Shannon多樣性指數分析蓮華池試驗林地景結構的變遷情形,並以Shannon多樣性指數t 檢定法,評估1971年及1998年二期間民墾干擾程度之差異,最後整合Markov鏈模式與二項式logit廻歸之分析結果,預測未來地景變遷模擬民墾地發生之空間分佈情形,進而探討民墾地干擾對未來地景之影響效應。由研究結果可知,二期Shannon多樣性指數雖有差異,但其地景變遷在5%顯著水準時,均未達顯著差異;至於在使用Markov模式預測2052年、2106年及2160年之地景變遷,則發現民墾地面積由1971年的0.39%和1998年的3.39%,增加為民國2052年的7.85%、2106年的12.08%和2160年的16.09%,明顯呈現上升趨勢;應用二項式Logit模式分析民墾地發生之空間分佈結果顯示,民墾地的發生與海拔高、坡度、及距民墾地、道路和河流的距離均有密切關係,其中以距民墾地和距道路的遠近最有相關。最後整合兩模式的結果以模擬未來民墾地之空間分佈結果指出,民墾地之分佈確實有逐漸擴張之趨勢,並且其干擾程度已達統計上之顯著水準。綜合以上研究結果可知,整合Markov鏈模式和二項式logit廻歸分析,預測未來之地景變遷和模擬民墾地發生之空間分佈情形,確實為一有效、可行的方法,此外,Shannon多樣性指數之t測驗檢定亦可用以監測和評估民墾地干擾對未來地景之影響效應,因此,本研究所得結果可提供蓮華池試驗林經營管理之參考。

Abstract

The purpose of monitoring forest landscape change is not only to understand the change of past and present landscape structure, but also to predict the future trend for providing the reference of forest management. This study applied Shannon diversity index, which was related to human disturbance, to qualify the landscape change of Lien-Hwa-Chih Experimental Forest between 1971 and 1998. The t-test based on Shannon diversity index was also used to examine the disturbance differences caused by unlawful cultivated forestland. In addition, the mathematical models such as Markov chain and binomial logit regression analysis were applied to predict the future overall landscape structure and to simulate the spatial distribution of unlawful cultivated forestland. Again, the t-test was applied to monitor the future effect of disturbance caused by unlawful cultivated forestland. The result indicated that, using Shannon t-test, the landscape change between 1971 and 1998 had no differences at the 5% significance level. That is, there was no significant differences about the disturbance caused by unlawful cultivated forestland. The prediction of landscape change in 2052, 2106, and 2160 using the Markov chain model indicated that the area of unlawful cultivated forestland was increased from original 0.90% in 1971 and 3.39% in 1998 to 7.85% in 2052, 12.08% in 2106, and 6.09% in 2160 ,respectively. As for the spatial distribution using binomial logit regression analysis, the result showed that the occurrence of unlawful ultivated forestland had the relationship with elevation, slope, and the distance of road, river, and previous unlawful cultivated forestland. However, it was strongly correlated with the distance of road and previous unlawful cultivated forestland, and less correlated with elevation, slope, and the distance of river. Finally, the spatial simulation of unlawful cultivated forestlands illustrated that the distribution of unlawful cultivated forestlands was gradually expanded, and the disturbance level was differences at the significance level. From the result, obviously the integration of Markov chain and binomial logit regression analysis is a feasible approach to predict the overall landscape change in future and to simulate the spatial distribution of unlawful cultivated forestland. Also, the Shannon t-test is a good way to monitor and assess the disturbance effect of unlawful cultivated forestland on future landscape. The above result can be provided to Lien-Hwa-Chih Experimental Forest for the reference of forest management in order to prevent the occurrence of unlawful cultivated forestland.

關鍵字

Markov 模式,Logit 模式,地景變遷,民墾地,空間分佈

Keywords

Markov model, binomial logit model, landscape change, unlawful cultivated

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-373-384

Pages:

385-392

論文名稱

「科技短文」利用LANDSAT資訊反演大氣溫度以評估熱島效應之強度

Title

Using LANDSAT Data-Derived Air Temperature to Quantify the Magnitude of Urban Heat Island Effect

作者

張子瑩,劉說安

Author

Tzu-Yin Chang,Yuei-An Liou

中文摘要

都市熱島效應是指都市氣溫明顯高於外圍郊區的一種現象。在夏天時,常會因地表覆蓋物的不同,造成都市地區與郊區的氣溫差到3~6oC,這樣的情況不但會加重都市地區冷氣或空調的使用量,進而惡性循環,不僅造成更大的溫度差異,也增加能源的消耗。本研究利用Landsat TM衛星的多光譜資訊,反演所需要的地表參數,並結合S-SEBI演算法與可感熱方程式,推估距地表1.5m大氣的溫度,並將本研究反演的大氣溫度,與當時中央氣象局的測站溫度值進行比對,相關係數 達0.86。利用反演出來的氣溫資訊,可獲得當時的熱島效應的強度與範圍資訊。分析結果發現,3月5日及4月22日這二筆資料的熱島效應強度較強,分別達到3.2oC及2.2oC,而12月2日的熱島效應較弱,溫度差約為0.6oC左右,10月31日則是約為1.7oC。而台中地區熱島效應所發生的範圍(氣溫較高的區域),主要發生在台中市市區、台中工業區以及台中港港區。

Abstract

Heat island effect is a regional thermal anomaly that typically exhibits higher air temperature in urban areas than in their surrounding areas. The anomaly can reach 3 - 6oC in summer. Its occurrence is not only to produce uncomfortably hot air, but also to increase the demand of air conditioning and to degrade the air quality. In this study, we use LANDSAT multi-spectral data to estimate the surface parameters and combine the S-SEBI algorithm with sensible heat flux equation to derive the air temperature (1.5 m), which is then compared with in situ measured air temperature from Central Weather Bureau (CWB). The correlation between the estimated and measured temperatures is 0.86. Finally, we use the air temperature data to quantify the magnitude of the urban heat island effect. The magnitude varies about from 0.6 oC to 3.2oC. As expected, higher temperatures are found around Taichung city, Taichung industrial zone, and Taichung harbor.

關鍵字

熱島效應、地表覆蓋物、地表熱通量、遙測、LANDSAT、衛星

Keywords

land cover, energy flux, urban heat island, remote sensing, LANDSAT, satellit

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-385-392

Pages:

393-404

論文名稱

「科技短文」GIS 與數位測繪於臺北市保安林管理之應用

Title

Application of GIS and Digital Mapping in Taipei City Protection Forest Management

作者

陳永寬,詹進發,成晨光, 葉堃生,郭家隆,莊永忠 , 鄧淑萍

Author

Yeong-Kuan Chen, Jihn-Fa Jan, Chen-Kuang Cheng, Kuen-Sheng Yeh,Jia-Long Guo, Yeong-Chung Chuang, Shu-Ping Teng

中文摘要

臺北市保安林成立於1907年,總面積約2,349ha,包括水源涵養保安林、土砂捍止保安林、風景保安林三大類,負有保育水土資源與特殊景緻之功能。由於數十年間之自然環境變遷與社會經濟發展,使得原有之保安林簿冊與圖籍資料無法反映現狀,而保安林之林況是否完整亦有待詳實之調查。本研究以數位測繪技術調查保安林之境界、林況、地況與土地利用情形,據以繪製保安林基本圖。此外,並彙整保安林相關圖籍資料與地籍資料,利用GIS軟體ArcView與ArcIMS建置保安林管理系統。研究結果顯示以全球衛星定位儀與全測站經緯儀測繪保安林,可迅速獲取高品質之資料,配合地形圖、地籍資料、航空照片、正射影像等圖籍資料,可供判釋與測繪違規使用之土地。地理資訊系統可供管理、展示與分析保安林相關資料,即時提供有用之資訊,為保安林管理機關經營管理與決策之良好工具。

Abstract

The protection forests of Taipei City, established in 1907 with a total area of 2,349 ha, consists of three categories: water resource conservation, soil protection, and scenic area protection. The social and natural environment had changed drastically in the past few decades, however, the maps and cadastral records of these forests were not updated accordingly. Therefore, a thorough investigation is needed to understand the conditions of these protection forests. In this study, digital mapping techniques were used to survey the boundaries, status, and land use of the protection forests in order to produce protection forest base maps. Moreover, a protection forest management system was developed using GIS software ArcView and ArcIMS. The results indicate that GPS and total stations are very useful for obtaining high-quality data, and topographic maps, cadastre, aerial photos, and digital orthoimages can be used for mapping land use types. Being capable of managing, presenting, and analyzing pertinent data to provide useful information promptly, GIS is a good tool for decision making for protection forests management.

關鍵字

保安林、數位測繪、地理資訊系統

Keywords

protection forest, digital mapping, geographic information system

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200512-10-4-393-404

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