ENGLISH

11卷/3期

11卷/3期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

237-247

論文名稱

地球同步衛星海面溫度的日變化

Title

The Diurnal Variation of Sea Surface Temperature Bias of Geostationary Satellite

作者

劉倬騰,粘慶熙,陳建銘

Author

Cho-Teng Liu,Ching-Hsi Nan,Cheng-Ming Chen

中文摘要

全球海上的固定觀測站不到一百個,海面溫度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)資料主要來自衛星遙測資料,尤其是同步衛星的海面溫度資料;但是該資料的準確度不穩定,通常只有夜間的資料用於描述海溫鋒面的變化,本文探討如何提升同步衛星海面溫度資料的準確度。假如沒有雲層的遮蔽,在紅外光及可見光波段的衛星遙測,可以在短時間內取得大範圍的表面溫度資料,例如美國的NOAA系列及中國的風雲-1系列繞極衛星,可在一天之內觀測地表上每個位置的溫度至少兩次。地球同步衛星如GOES、GMS、風雲-2系列衛星保持在赤道定點的上空,可以逐時觀測同一地表。經與海面浮球測得的海面溫度相比較,可估算GOES同步衛星遙測的海面溫度的額定均方根誤差(RMSD)約為1K,略遜於NOAA繞極衛星的0.7K。經過較嚴格的篩選後,GOES的海面溫度RMSD也可以降到0.7K左右;其誤差來源,主要是受到海面風速W和太陽輻射的控制。當W<2m/s時,衛星遙測SST的誤差可能超過1.2K,但由Quick SCAT衛星遙測風速資料顯示W<2m/s的區域約只佔整體海面面積的1%,其他海域的皮層效應(Skineffect,海面皮層和混合層溫度的差值)則隨風速增加而減少,並且趨於定值。在本研究中,由太陽輻射日變化所引起的GOES SST誤差可達0.6K。日照的效應成為GOES衛星遙測SST日變化的主要誤差來源之一,促使許多研究只用夜間的GOES海面溫度資料。經修正GOES SST隨日照變化的0.3K偏差及可達1.0K區域性偏差,GOES日間海面溫度資料的品質與繞極衛星的海面溫度相當,而可用性更高,因為他的數量較多。

Abstract

With the number of ocean stations is far less than 100, most of sea surface temperature (SST) data of ocean interior come from satellites. Polar orbiting meteorological satellites like NOAA satellites of USA and Fengyun-1 satellites of China, can view any place of the Earth’s surface for at least twice per day if it is cloud free. Geostationary satellites like GOES, GMS and Fengyun-2 monitor most Earth’s surface hourly, or any time at our command. Compared to SST that is observed by many surface buoys, the SST derived from GOES satellites has root mean square difference (RMSD) about 1K, slightly inferior to the 0.7K of SST from NOAA satellites. After stringent filtering to remove spikes and potentially contaminated data, the RMSD of GOES SST may also be improved to 0.7K. The remaining errors are from the skin effect that is controlled by the surface wind speed W and insolation Q. The wind induced error in SST is up to 1.2K when W < 2 m/s. QuikScat data show that the fraction of sea surface where W 2m/s gradually approaches to a constant and it is accounted for in the regression equation that converts satellite-measured radiation into SST. Our study shows that Q-induced SST error in the low latitude is up to 0.6K. This error makes many researchers using nighttime GOES SST only. The GOES SST error may be reduced if the location-dependent bias and the diurnal variation of 0.3K are included in correcting GOES SST. These corrections will greatly enhance the usefulness of daytime GOES SST.

關鍵字

海面溫度,地球同步衛星,皮層效應,日照,TAO/Triton

Keywords

sea surface temperature, geostationary satellite, skin temperature correction, insolation, TAO/Triton

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-237-247

Pages:

249-260

論文名稱

高解析力衛星影像真實正射改正及遮蔽區域補償

Title

True Orthorectification and Occlusion Compensation for High Resolution Satellite Images

作者

陳良健,溫仁佑

Author

Liang-Chien Chen,Jen-Yu Wen

中文摘要

本研究目的乃利用高解析力衛星影像進行真實正射改正。主要研究工作包含四項:(1)建立物像關係,(2)利用數值地形模型進行傳統正射改正,(3)校正房屋高差移位及(4)遮蔽區域處理。研究中利用有理函數係數配合有理函數模式建立物空間與像空間之關係。利用此物像關係及數值地形模型進行傳統正射改正。之後,並配合數值房屋模型,針對房屋之高差移位進行校正。為了避免重複映射問題產生,研究中,需先偵測出遮蔽區域。由於高解析力衛星,視域小,研究中採取一有效率方式,偵測房屋之遮蔽區域,以及房屋高差移位之校正。測試區域為新竹地區,測試影像為捷鳥衛星影像。

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation is to generate true orthophotos from high resolution satellite images. The major work includes 4 parts:(1)determinate the transformation between object space and image space,(2)generate the traditional orthophotos using terrain model,(3)correction of relief displacement, and(4)compensate the hidden areas. We use Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs) to determinate the transformation between object space and image space. In the generation of traditional orthophotos, we employ RPCs and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) to rectify tilt displacements and relief displacements for terrain. We, then, compute relief displacements for buildings with Digital Building Model (DBM). In order to avoid double mapping, we detect hidden areas caused by buildings. Due to the satellite’s small field of view, an efficient method for the detection of hidden areas and building rectification will be proposed in this paper. Test areas cover the city of Hsin-chu in northern Taiwan. The test images are from the QuickBird satellite.

關鍵字

影像正射化、真實正射化、遮蔽區

Keywords

High Resolution Satellite Images, DTM, DBM, Hidden areas, and True orthophotos

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-249-260

Pages:

261-267

論文名稱

應用Watershed 影像分割法於高解析QuickBird 衛星影像進行道路區塊之萃取

Title

Road Extraction Based on Watershed Segmentation for High Resolution QuickBird Satellite Images

作者

張立雨,陳繼藩

Author

L. Y. Chang,C. F. Chen

中文摘要

近年來,資源衛星影像之空間解析度大幅提升至公尺等級,因此,在此類高解析影像上,可辨識之地面特 徵當然更為豐富,也更為複雜。然而,也因此提高了自動化影像判釋與特徵萃取技術之複雜度及難度。在本文中,將提出利用Watershed影像分割之方法來萃取道路區塊之資訊。首先,利用簡化之影像融合運算融合多光譜及全色態影像資訊並應用數學型態學侵蝕運算降低影像之複雜度。第二,針對前一步驟所產生之紅外線波段影像,以Watershed影像分割之方法將影像進行分割並配合適當之區塊合併程序以得到適當之區塊化影像。第三,計算分割後之影像區塊上之各波段光譜平均值,並同時以ISODATA影像分類法,由光譜資訊分類出合適之道路區塊。最後,配合數學型態學閉合運算及面積門檻值進行道路區塊二次過濾。研究成果顯示,本文所提出之方法可由QuickBird高解析衛星影像萃取出適用之道路區塊,其精確度約為70%。

Abstract

Recently, the spatial resolution of earth observation satellites is significantly increased to a few meters. However, it is more difficult to develop automated image algorithms for automated image feature extraction and pattern recognition. In this study, we propose a scheme to extract road information from high resolution satellite images based on watershed segmentation. First, the multi-spectral and panchromatic images are fused by simplified image fusion technique and the mathematical morphology erosion is applied next to decrease the complexity of fused image. Second, the segmentation result is created by applying watershed segmentation on the infrared image generated in previous step. The iteratively patches merging procedure is also performed to prevent from over segmentation. Third, we take multi-spectral information for each segment by averaging the pixel values of corresponding segment area of multi-spectral image. The ISODATA classification algorithm is followed to classify the suitable road patches from the spectral information of each segment. Finally, the mathematical morphology close operation and area threshold are used as a final refinement. In this study, we use panchromatic and multi-spectral images of QuickBird satellite as test dataset. The experiment result shows that the accuracy of generated road objects by proposed scheme is about 70%.

關鍵字

道路區塊萃取、影像分割、高解析衛星影像

Keywords

Road Patch Extraction, Image Segmentation, High Resolution Satellite Images

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-261-267

Pages:

269-281

論文名稱

遙測蒸發散:Penman-Monteith 法與地表能量平衡法之探討

Title

Estimate Evapotranspiration from Remote Sensing:Penman-Monteith and Energy Balance Methods

作者

郭振民,盧書炫,游保杉

Author

Chen-Min Kuo,Shu-Hsuan Lu,Pao-Shan Yu

中文摘要

本研究目的為發展直接應用遙測影像計算蒸發散之方法,利用MODIS衛星影像建立Penman-Monteith公式與地表能量平衡模式-Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL)及Simplified Surface EnergyBalance Index (S-SEBI)模式-所需要的氣象因子之回歸式,並將估算結果轉換為全日實際蒸發散量與測站蒸發皿觀測值比較,根據評鑑指標優選適合台灣西半部地區遙測資料估算蒸發散量之方法,並討論不同估算方法中各氣象因子對蒸發散估算結果之影響。研究結果顯示以Penman-Monteith 公式估算結果最佳(ME=1.07mm/day, RMSE=1.28mm/day) , 而誤差來自於淨輻射量的影響; SEBAL模式結果較差(ME=1.61mm/day, RMSE=1.91mm/day),誤差來源為淨輻射量;S-SEBI模式結果最差(ME=2.07mm/day,RMSE=2.68mm/day),乃由於影像解析度不足造成混合像元現象,而影響蒸發散比值之估算。

Abstract

The study is aimed to derive the regional evapotranspiration scheme by using MODIS images based on both Penman-Monteith and surface energy balance methods(SEBAL and S-SEBI). The observations of meteorological stations in Western Taiwan are used to verify with the estimations to suggest the proper method. Then, the influences of evapotranspiration from the meteorological factors are discussed. We have concluded the Penman-Monteith method has the best performance (ME=1.07mm/day, RMSE=1.28mm/day), and is affected by the net radiation. The SEBAL model (ME=1.61mm/day, RMSE=1.91mm/day) is slightly less performance than Penman-Monteith method and is affected by the net radiation. The accuracy of S-SEBI mode is the worst(ME=2.07mm/day, RMSE=2.68mm/day). It is due to the mixed-pixel of the low resolution in MODIS images and leads to the inaccuracy of evaporative fraction. Therefore, we can suggest that Penman-Monteith method is the best method to estimate evapotranspiration with MODIS images. However, we should improve the estimation of the net radiation and adopt high resolution images in the future.

關鍵字

蒸發散量、衛星遙測、MODIS、Penman-Monteith、SEBAL、S-SEBI

Keywords

Evapotranspiration, Remote Sensing, MODIS, Penman-Monteith, SEBAL, S-SEBI.

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-269-281

Pages:

283-295

論文名稱

結合空載LiDAR 與航測高程資料應用於地形變化偵測

Title

Terrain Change Detection Combined Photogrammetric DEM and Airborne LiDAR Data

作者

蕭國鑫,劉進金,游明芳,陳大科,徐偉城,王晉倫

Author

Kuo-Hsin Hsiao,Jin-King Liu,Ming-Fong Yu,Da-Ko Cheng,Wei-Chen Hsu,Chin-Lun Wang

中文摘要

本研究利用兩次的空載LiDAR資料,研判2004年敏都莉颱風前、後之九份二山地形變化;並結合40公尺網格DEM及2003年航測高程資料,分析921地震前、後的整體地形差異。初步結果為:(1) 921地震後疊合40公尺網格DEM與2002年空載LiDAR掃描資料,估算九份二山順向坡崩塌區平均下降深度約34.0公尺,體積減少3,284.76萬立方米;堆積區平均高度上昇36.7公尺,體積增加3,776.88萬立方米;而地震後至2003年間,順向坡崩塌區地形變化不明顯。(2)2004年敏都莉颱風過境後,比對兩次高解析空載LiDAR資料,研判九份二山西南側與南側再度發生崩塌,最大崩塌深度達20公尺;崩塌區東側之趾部河道區則堆積了4~8公尺,堆積土石量達279,177立方米。(3)九份二山人工渠道末端,注入韮菜湖溪處的河道於敏都莉颱風後,亦發生河道崩塌侵蝕現象,崩塌深度接近15公尺,崩塌體積達98,604立方米。

Abstract

The study area is located in the 1999 Ji-Ji Earthquake disaster area of central TAIWAN. Two times of airborne laser scans were conducted in 2002 and 2005 and, thus, the change of terrain in this period is examined. There have been 3 typhoon events and one torrential rainfall event in this period of time. When the DEM derived by 2002 LiDAR data was compared to the photogrammetric data in 1987, a change of 34.0 m in height and 3,284.76*106 m³in quantity were observed in the Gio-Fen-Erh-San Slide due to the earthquake event. The change of height from 2002 to 2003 is not obvious, which could be due to erosion process is slowly. After Min-Do-Lle typhoon in June, 2004. A significant slide process is observed at the south-west and south areas of Gio-Fen-Erh-San slide, where the maximum difference in depletion is about 20 m. The height difference of accumulation is circa 4~8 meters and an earth volume change of 279,177 cubic meters were estimated at the eastern riverbed.

關鍵字

崩塌地、數值高程資料、光達

Keywords

Landslides, Digital Terrain Model (DTM), LiDAR

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-283-295

Pages:

297-310

論文名稱

運用QuickBird 衛星影像於水稻田坵塊萃取之研究

Title

A Study of Extraction Paddy Field from Quickbird Image

作者

雷祖強,周天穎,鄭丁元

Author

Tsu-Chiang Lei,Tine-Yin Chou,Ting-Yuan-Cheng

中文摘要

政府每年利用航照及人工判圖來調查水稻田的種植面積與產量,作為國家糧食政策制訂與農民休耕時之補償依據,然而人工判圖時程緩慢以及耗費極高人力物力。有鑑於此,本研究利用QuickBird 高解析度衛星影像進行地物覆蓋判釋之研究,希望評估出高解析度衛星影像在水稻田坵塊萃取上之應用價值。首先本研究利用影像邊緣模型萃取出水稻田田埂,其次再利用半變異元紋理(Semivarogram)提升水稻田類別間的判釋精度,透過邊線連結以及坵塊補遺的方式改進水稻田坵塊萃取模型(RicePattern ExtractionModel,RPEM)的正確性。研究成果顯示加入紋理資訊後,分類整體正確性(OverallAccuracy)可從原始多光譜的88.20%提升至92.61%,顯示紋理資訊確實能有效提升水稻田分類判釋正確率,其後透過補遺程序後分類整體正確性又可從92.61%再提升至95.69%,在高分類正確性的結果下,使得利用高解析度衛星影像萃取水稻田耕地坵塊成為一種可行的方法。

Abstract

In Taiwan, the government surveys the rice paddy area from the aerial photography every year.This data will be used in agricultural food policy making and farmer reparation management.However, to make this information (GIS Paddy map) need many manpower and waste many time.Therefore, this research used very high-resolution satellite images (QuickBird) as a source to extract the rice pattern for rice management.In order to reaching this purpose, this study used the Semivariogram texture method to improve classification accuracy for rice category from Quickbird Pan band. On the other hand, we also get paddy edge line by Sobel and Canny algorithms from Pan data. These edge extraction methods can take complete information for rice pattern map, and we developed the image reparation function for edge line data. After that, we integrated these area and edge line information of re-process data to Rice Pattern Extraction Model (RPEM). Finally, the image data has been independently classified using MSS gray levels, MSS add textural information, and MSS add textural information and combined edge data, which showed significantly improved classification accuracy with the “MSS add textural information and combined edge data”. The result showed using the study process can successfully scheme for rice pattern extraction from very high spatial resolution satellite images.

關鍵字

水稻田坵塊萃取、半變異元紋理、邊緣萃取、影像補遺

Keywords

Paddy Area, Satellite Image, Semivariogram, Rice Pattern Extraction Model, Quickbird

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-297-310

Pages:

311-326

論文名稱

適應性卡曼濾波演算法偵測隱含於空載光達點雲中的異常點位

Title

An Adaptive Kalman Filtering Algorithm for Detection of Singular Airborne LIDAR Points

作者

廖永淦,蔡展榮

Author

Yon-Gan Liao,Jaan-Rong Tsay

中文摘要

本文提出「適應性卡曼濾波演算法」,它改良Wang(2001)所提出之卡曼濾波演算法,使其能適用於不同類型的局部區域數值表面模型(Digital Surface Model, DSM),運用最小二乘擬合法來自動選擇一個對局部幾何物面類型具「適應性」的合宜卡曼濾波推估模式,以偵測隱含於空載光達點雲資料中的高程異常點位。採用空載光達實測資料進行測試,分析此演算法的高程推估值與觀測值之差值、以及異常點偵測能力。

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to propose an adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm for singular point detection using airborne LIDAR data. Dr. Ping Wang has developed a Kalman filtering algorithm in 2001.To make the algorithm adaptive, a least-square fitting approach is utilized in this paper to automatically judge the surface type of a local DSM, so that the predicting model can be selected automatically and adaptively. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is tested by using some airborne LIDAR data with different types of topography. The experiments offer some analyses on the detection ability of singular points.

關鍵字

適應性卡曼濾波、空載光達、異常點

Keywords

Adaptive Kalman Filter, Airborne LIDAR, Singular Points

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200609-11-3-311-326

Pages:

327-336

論文名稱

雷達影像干涉於921 同震與震後變形觀測

Title

Deformation of 921 Earthquake by Satellite Radar Interferometry:Co-seismic and Post-seismic Estimation

作者

梁隆鑫,王志添,陳錕山,蔡義本,陳哲俊

Author

L. S. Liang ,C. T. Wang ,K. S. Chen,Y. B. Tsai ,A. J. Chen

中文摘要

1999 年9 月21 日1 時47 分,在台灣中部南投縣發生了芮式規模7.3 的強烈地震,震央位於日月潭西北方約12.5 公里的集集鎮上,震源深度8 公里,此次地震後的第一週死亡人數就超過2,100 人。在這篇研究裡,我們利用八幅不同日期(1998/01/01、1999/01/21、1999/05/06、1999/06/10、1999/07/15、1999/09/23、1999/10/28、2000/01/06)的ERS 雷達影像差分干涉,監看其震後變形現象,結果顯示在車籠浦斷層東側的新社鄉,由(1999/10/28 – 1999/09/23)這組資料看到的變化量是5.6 公分,由(2000/01/06 – 1999/10/28)看到的變化量是3 公分,可能原因是震後重力或彈性回跳所造成,不過需要再進一步研究查證。

Abstract

A major earthquake (M L =7.3) occurred near the small town Chi-Chi in the Nantou County, Taiwan, at 1:47 a.m. local time on September 21, 1999 (17:47 GMT on 20 September). The epicenter was 12.5 km northwest the Sun-Moon lake. The focal depth is 8 km. The death toll had exceeded 2100 and was mounting during the first week after the main shock. In this study, we mainly focus on the numerous aftershocks; some of which reach magnitudes of M L = 6.8. In this paper we used 8 scenes (1998/01/01, 1999/01/21, 1999/05/06, 1999/06/10, 1999/07/15, 1999/09/23, 1999/10/28, and 2000/01/06) of ERS2 images and an external DEM data, by the means of two passes SAR differential interferometry, to detect the deformations before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake. The results based on the available image sets show that prior to the earthquake, it has no clear deformation signature in the interferogram and there are slight displacements in the east of Chelungpu fault; and the displacement areas of the two pairs of DINSAR (1999/10/28 – 1999/09/23; 2000/01/06 – 1999/10/28) were at the same place. The former had about 5.6 cm deformation in slant range, while the latter was about 3 cm. These post-seismic deformations may be due to gravity effects, or the theory of elastic rebound.

關鍵字

合成口徑雷達影像、差分干涉、地震

Keywords

SAR, Interferometry, Earthquake

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

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