ENGLISH

14卷/1期

14卷/1期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

1-9

論文名稱

恆春半島銀合歡入侵分佈之動態與區位分析

Title

Spatial dynamics and regional analysis of Leucaena leucocephala in the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan

作者

呂明倫,黃靜宜,鍾玉龍

Author

Ming-Lun Lu,Jing-Yi Huang,Yuh-Lurng Chung

中文摘要

入侵植物-銀合歡(Leucaena leucocephala)威脅台灣的本土生物多樣性,已成為現今最受矚目的生態問題之一。本研究以恆春半島為研究區域,藉由SPOT多時段影像資料搭配最大概似分類法,建立1988與2007年銀合歡之空間分佈資訊,並配合地形與土地利用相關的環境因子,監測銀合歡入侵之動態發展,用以暸解銀合歡的空間分佈規則。研究結果顯示,1988與2007年銀合歡分類結果之總體準確度皆在85%左右,由區位分析可知,銀合歡之面積呈現增加的趨勢,且入侵的規則性多偏好於低地、緩坡,以及近道路與農地等區域,進一步利用統計分析瞭解銀合歡入侵與環境因子間的關係,結果發現,以上4個因子皆有一定的相關程度,因此,本研究建議未來的經營管理工作可著重於這些人為干擾明顯之區域。

Abstract

Biodiversity in Taiwan is interfered by an invasive plant: Leucaena leucocephala (L. leucocephala), which has been considered one of the most important contemporary ecological problems. This study identified spatial extents of L. leucocephala in the Hengchun Peninsula in 1988 and 2007 using multi-temporal data from SPOT images with maximum likelihood classifier. To understand the spatial dynamics of L. leucocephala through time, we investigated the relationships between the species expansion and topography and land use. For classified maps of L. leucocephala and each image date, overall accuracies above 85% were obtained. Results of the regional analysis showed that the area was an increase in L. leucocephala cover, and a preferential invasion was found at lower elevations, gradual slopes, proximity to the roads and farmlands. Further, the results of statistic analysis indicated that the correlations of the elevation, slope, road and farmland with L. leucocephala invasion were considerably. Therefore, enhancement was required for the L. leucocephala management on human disturbance zones.

關鍵字

入侵植物、多時段、最大概似分類法、經營管理、人為干擾

Keywords

invasive plant, multi-temporal, maximum likelihood classifier, management, human disturbance

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200903-14-1-9

Pages:

11-23

論文名稱

結合衛星影像與地形指標於山崩自動分類之研究

Title

Integrating Geomorphic Indexes and SPOT Multispectral Imagery for Landslides Classification

作者

楊孟學,林明璋,劉進金

Author

Mon-Shieh Yang, Ming-Chang Lin, Jin-King Liu

中文摘要

過去遙測辨識山崩的方法,主要根據二維的影像光譜資訊及特定的分類演算法予以分類。因為利用影像光譜資訊難以將山崩與道路、屋頂及裸露地等光譜特徵值相似之地類分離,所以本研究以石門水庫上游集水區為例,選定龍王颱風襲台後之SPOT影像以及三維空載光達(LiDAR)數值地形模型及其衍生地形指標等,進行自動分類之探討,期望能提昇山崩的分類精度。本研究使用的地形指標包括︰(1)DEM坡度、(2)碎形維度指標、(3)地形多樣性指標(Diversity)、(4)地形優勢度指標(Dominance)、(5)地形相對複雜度指標(Relative Richness)等五項。同時以最大似然分類法(Maximum Likelihood)以及馬氏距離法(Mahalanobis)比較各種地形指標之輔助程度。結果發現,利用地形指標輔助SPOT原始四波段分類,以DEM坡度在最大似然分類法下輔助效果最佳,能減少27%以上的誤判。其次則以地形多樣性指標,約有11%的輔助效果。

Abstract

Conventional approach of landslide mapping is either solely on basis of spectral or spatial characteristics of the 2D images. Landslides are usually confusing with houses, roads, and other bare lands because these ground features have similar spectral patterns. In this study, 3D airborne LiDAR data are integrated with SPOT images for landslide classification for improving classification accuracy. A study area is selected in a sub-basin of Shimen Reservoir. SPOT images and LiDAR data are taken in the same month after the typhoon of Longwang in November of 2005. The LiDAR-derived data include DEM slope gradient, DSM slope gradient, and roughness data such as Fractal dimension, diversity, dominance and relative richness. These derivatives are then combined with spectral bands for classification algorithms including maximum likelihood and Mahalanobis. Comparisons are made for various approaches such as with or without LiDAR derivatives and various classification algorithms. It is concluded that with the inclusion of LiDAR derivatives and proper arrangement of classification procedures, an improvement of more than 11% of user’s accuracy and 27% of producer’s accuracy in diversity by maximum Likelihood classification algorithms can be achieved. Secondary, the diversity provides 11% of user’s accuracy and 21% producer’s accuracy by maximum likelihood classification algorithms.

關鍵字

光達、地質災害、影像分類

Keywords

Airborne LiDAR, Geological Hazard, Image Classification

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200903-14-11-23

Pages:

25-35

論文名稱

WorldView-1高解析衛星影像幾何分析

Title

Geometrical Analysis of WorldView-1 Satellite Imagery

作者

張智安, 陳良健

Author

Tee-Ann Teo, Liang-Chien Chen

中文摘要

WorldView-1是首顆解析度達50公分的商用衛星,該衛星原始影像同時提供載體參數及有理函數係數。本研究之目的為針對WorldView-1建立幾何改正模式並進行幾何分析,研究中分別建立並比較嚴密幾何模式及有理函數模式。嚴密幾何模式使用衛星載體資料建立物像轉換關係,該模式包含補償方位參數及校正反投影影像坐標兩種方法;有理函數模式,使用感測器方位轉換有理函數係數建立物像轉換關係,再以地面控制點精化有理函數模式。研究中分別比較這兩種模式於高解析衛星影像之幾何改正。實驗結果顯示,嚴密幾何模式及有理函數模式的精度相當,但嚴密幾何模式有較佳的成果,使用分佈良好的9個控制點進行幾何校正,可達次像元精度。

Abstract

WorldView-1 is the first commercial satellite that provides 50cm spatial resolution. It contains both the on-board data and sensor-oriented rational polynomial coefficients (RPC). The objective of this investigation is to build up the geometric models and perform the geometric analysis for WorldView-1. The geometric correction models include rigorous sensor model (RSM) and rational function model (RFM). In the RSM, we use on-board data to build the relationship between object and image space. The correction models comprise the compensation of orientation parameters and correction of image coordinates. The RFM uses sensor-oriented RPC to establish the transformation of object and image space. Then, a small number of ground control points are applied to refine the model. Experimental results indicate that the results of RSM and RFM are similar. Both of the methods may reach sub-pixel accuracy when 9 control points are applied.

關鍵字

WorldView-1、幾何校正、有理函數模式、嚴密幾何改正模式

Keywords

WorldView-1,Geometric correction, Rational function model, Rigorous sensor model.

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200903-14-25-35

Pages:

37-50

論文名稱

整合遙測技術、大氣環流模式與Markov模式推估未來集水區流量之研究-以淡水河集水區為例

Title

Integrating Remote sensing techniques, GCMs model, and Markov model to estimate future stream flow:

作者

吳治達, 鄭祈全, 羅漢強, 陳永寬

Author

Chih-Da Wu, Chi-Chuan Cheng , Hann-Chung Lo, Yeong-Kuan Chen

中文摘要

環境變遷與集水區水文循環為目前國內外環境規劃與經營管理的重要議題,如何有效地監測與模擬兩者的關係亦成為該議題之重要研究課題。本研究旨在整合遙測技術、大氣環流模式(General circulation model; GCMs)與Markov模式,供探討氣候變遷及土地使用變遷對於淡水河集水區水文特性之影響,並比較不同GCMs模式模擬未來河川流量的差異。研究方法首先利用混合式影像分類法進行1995年及2002年淡水河集水區之土地使用分類,並將試區分為森林、建地、水體、耕作農地及無耕作農地5個類型;其次,以兩時期之土地使用資料為基礎,應用Markov模式預測未來短、中、長期的土地使用變遷、並推估其蒸發散覆蓋係數,結果指出,建地面積由1995年的17.71%和2002年的20.17%,增加為2030年的40.24%,2058年的48.91%及2086年的58.16%,而蒸發散覆蓋係數由1995年的0.726和2002年的0.704,下降為2030年的0.558,2058年的0.478及2086年的0.408。最後,整合GWLF水文模式和CGCM1及HADCM3兩種氣候變遷情境模式,並進行流量模擬,供評估淡水河集水區可能遭遇之影響與衝擊,結果顯示,不論在何種氣候情境下,由於建地增加和蒸發散覆蓋係數下降之影響,淡水河集水區之月流量、月平均流量及年總流量在未來短期、中期及長期之模擬結果均有變化,並將造成該集水區未來洪水發生頻率之上升。

Abstract

Considerable attention has been given for monitoring and simulating the impacts of global environment change on forest watershed hydrology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to integrate the remote sensing techniques, the general circulation models(GCMs), and the Markov model to investigate the effects of land use change and climate change on the Dan-Shui watershed, moreover, to compare the difference of stream flow simulations under various GCMs scenarios(i.e., CGCM1 and HADCM3).The processes were as follows: Land-use maps of the Dan-Shui watershed were firstly generated using hybrid classification and Landsat-5 images in 1995 and 2002. The study area was classified into 5 land-use types. They are forest-land, building, farm-land, baring farm-land, and water body. Secondly, the Markov model built based on those land-use data was applied to predict future land-use changes, furthermore, the generated results were used to estimate the cover coefficients (CV) of evapotranspiration based on future conditions and the GWLF water balance model. Results from the Markov prediction indicated that the area of building increased from 17.71% in 1995 and 20.17% in 2002 to 40.24% in 2030, 48.91% in 2058, and 58.16% in 2086. In addition, the estimations of the CV showed that the value decreased gradually from 0.726 and 0.704 to 0.558, 0.478 and 0.408. Finally, the GWLF model was integrated with the Markov predictions to analyze the influence of future land-use changes and climate changes on stream flow simulation under the CGCM1 and HADCM3 scenarios, and also to assess the impacts on the watershed. The results indicated that, due to the increase of building area and the decrease of the CV value, monthly stream flow, monthly average stream flow, and annual total stream flow all changed under two climate change scenarios, regardless of the short-, middle- or long-term simulation,. Furthermore, land-use changes and climate changes would lead to increase the occurrences of floods.

關鍵字

遙感探測、大氣環流模式、Markov模式、土地使用變遷、氣候變遷

Keywords

Remote sensing, General circulation model, Markov model, Land-use change, Climate change

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200903-14-37-50

Pages:

51-64

論文名稱

應用遙測影像與空載光達資料推估森林分佈面積及樹冠體積

Title

Estimation of Forest Region and Canopy Volume Using Airborne LiDAR Data and Remote Sensing Imagery

作者

蕭淳伊,曾義星

Author

Chun-Yi Hsiao, Yi-Hsing Tesng

中文摘要

台灣森林資源豐富,傳統的森林調查方法費時耗工,而應用空載光達及遙測影像的資料結合能有效的快速獲得森林平面及高程資訊,得以三維空間的觀點來觀察森林的變化。本研究採用空載光達點雲及遙測影像來估算森林分佈面積及樹冠與地表間之體積,即樹冠體積(canopy volume),估算樹冠體積之方法乃應用空載光達資料過濾非地面點雲後建立數值高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM),以DEM為計算樹冠體積的基面,再利用影像植物指標(vegetation index)結合光達資料過濾出樹冠點雲,以樹冠點雲與DEM產生樹冠高度模型(Canopy Height Model, CHM),計算樹冠網格面到地表網格面的體積得樹冠體積。實驗區為成大校園及南化水庫,分別推估實驗區內的森林分佈面積及樹冠體積。於成大校園中選擇七棵獨立樹,以地面光達資料分別觀測此七棵樹之樹高、樹冠幅、樹冠投影面積及樹冠體積,形成驗證比對之地真資料。實驗成果顯示空載光達資料能有效獲得森林分佈面積及樹冠體積,所得資料與地真資料比對之誤差多在10%以內,少數較大誤差也都在20%以下,數據顯示光達點雲密度不足是形成估算誤差的主要因素。實驗結果顯示南化水庫實驗區的森林樹冠體積密度約為成大實驗區的14~16倍左右。

Abstract

Efficiently obtaining information of forest regions and tree canopy volume is important for forestry management. Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data is able to provide high resolution three dimensional coordinates of surface features, but does not contain spectrum information. In contrast, remote sensing imagery offers copious spectrum information that can be used to locate forest regions. Therefore, integrating the complementary LiDAR data and remote sensing imagery is an effective strategy for the estimation of forest area and canopy volume. Two data sets are required to estimate forest canopy volume: digital elevation models (DEMs) and canopy height models (CHMs). In this study, ground point clouds are first extracted from airborne LiDAR data to generate a DEM. Subsequently, the DEM is utilized as the basic datum for calculating the forest canopy volume. LiDAR data and remote sensing imagery are then combined to generate the canopy LiDAR data. The sub-grid volume accumulated between the canopy grid surface and the DEM provides the forest canopy volume. The study sites include the campus of National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) and Nan-Wha Reservoir forest area. The tree height, crown diameter, crown projected area, and canopy volume are determined for both study areas. Furthermore, the forest area and canopy volume are estimated over the study areas using the proposed techniques. The results show forest information can be acquired effectively using airborne LiDAR data and remote sensing imagery.

關鍵字

光達、遙測影像、樹冠高度模型、森林分佈面積、樹冠體積

Keywords

LiDAR, Remote Sensing Imagery, Canopy Height Model, Forest Area, Canopy Volume

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200903-14-51-64

Pages:

65-81

論文名稱

無差分GPS精密單點定位技術(PPP)之動態定位精度:以輔助航空攝影測量空中三角測量為例

Title

The Kinematic Positioning Accuracy of Using GPS Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Technique: a case study in supported Aerial Triangulation

作者

陳國華, 劉新達, 黃金土

Author

Kwo-Hwa Chen, Hsin-Ta Liu, Jin-Tu Huang

中文摘要

在GPS動態定位中,由於每個移動位置的觀測量較少,為了提昇其定位精度並消除大部分定位誤差的影響,傳統上,常採取差分定位(Differential GPS, DGPS)方式進行動態位置之解算。然而,DGPS易受限於基線長度之影響使得其動態定位隨著基線之增長而亦趨困難。近年來,精密單點定位(Precise Point Positioning, PPP)技術已廣泛應用於GPS動態定位之中,本文嘗試藉由比較傳統網形差分動態定位與PPP動態定位成果之差異,分析PPP動態定位可達之精度。 本文選擇2007年台北市南區5個航空攝影測量空中三角測量作業天之航機GPS蒐集資料以及地面5個取樣間隔為1 sec的GPS基準站觀測資料,分別以DGPS網形差分與PPP方式進行解算,除了比較兩者像片投影中心定位成果的坐標差異外,亦與傳統航空攝影測量空中三角測量平差結果進行比較。由分析之結果可以得知,在使用43個地面控制點以及基線長度不大於50 km的情況下,PPP與DGPS動態定位成果的坐標差異量,N、E、H方向標準偏差(Standard Deviation, SD)的平均值分別為 ± 0.012 m、± 0.018 m以及 ± 0.045 m,顯示兩者成果趨於一致。並將PPP解算的像片投影中心視為附加觀測量套合至航空攝影測量空中三角測量平差計算之中,得知97 %觀測量的後驗精度在N、E、H方向分別為 ± 0.068 m、± 0.064 m以及 ± 0.059 m。

Abstract

Traditionally, because the lack of observations of each surveyed position in GPS kinematic positioning assignments, the differential GPS (DGPS) technique has been frequently used to reduce the most of the GPS positioning errors and then to improve that of accuracy of the kinematic positioning results. However, in the DGPS strategy, the longer the observed-baselines were measured, the more difficult the observations were resolved. Recently, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been applied in the various estimations of GPS kinematic positioning. In this paper, the kinematic positioning accuracy of PPP was analyzed by comparing with those of the estimated results from DGPS and PPP, respectively. The airborne GPS observations from 5-day aerial triangulation in the south area of Taipei and the 5 GPS permanent-site observations with 1 second sample rate were estimated by DGPS and PPP in this paper, respectively. This paper not only showed that comparisons of kinematic positioning results from both of DGPS and PPP but also compared the estimations of principle point position by GPS and traditional aerial triangulation methods. From the analyzed results, under the state of using 43 ground- control-points and all of the baseline lengths were not more than 50 km, the average standard deviations of difference of the kinematic positioning position from PPP and DGPS were ± 0.012 m in N direction, ± 0.018 m in E direction, and ± 0.045 m in H direction, respectively, showing that the PPP results were consonant with that of DGPS. Furthermore, the posterior accuracy were reached to ± 0.068 m, ± 0.064 m, and ± 0.059 m in N, E, and H direction in 97 % adjusted observations, respectively.

關鍵字

精密單點定位、全球定位系統、空中三角測量

Keywords

Precise Point Positioning, Global Positioning System, Aerial Triangulation

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200903-14-65-81

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