ENGLISH

16卷/2期

16卷/2期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

79-99

論文名稱

應用福衛二號影像與地面樣區資料於光蠟樹平地造林地之碳吸存推估

Title

Applying FORMOSAT-2 Image and Field Survey Data to Estimate Carbon Sequestration in Fraxinus Farm Afforestation

作者

謝漢欽、汪大雄、王慈憶、 張鈞媛、邱志明

Author

Han-Ching Hsieh, Dar-Hsiung Wang, Tzu-Yi Wang, Jun-Yuan Chang, Chih-Ming Chiu

中文摘要

面對全球暖化日趨嚴重及後京都議定書時代來臨,大面積人工造林地之林木生物量具有相當的碳吸存能力,如何運用遙測影像結合地面調查資料精確估算人工林生物量對碳吸存量,已成為一個國際性的重要課題。本研究以花蓮縣光復鄉台糖大農及大富農場2002年至2009年平地造林之光蠟樹林地為試驗區,使用2009年2月13日拍攝之福衛二號衛星影像及試區造林樹種分區地理資訊。應用福衛二號光譜輻射常態化處理後的土壤調整植生指標SAVI,對佔有17% 試區、總面積達168 ha的光蠟樹純林區塊進行SAVI分級。參酌SAVI分級分布圖,以分層目的取樣法,於試區內共設計並調查了70個地面樣區,選用適用的光蠟樹材積式,計算樣區光蠟樹的蓄積量。結合統計資料探索過程及空間相關分析指標,最後以60個地面樣區的單位材積蓄積與SAVI建立推估迴歸式,以IPCC碳吸存公式及光蠟樹轉換係數,推估試區光蠟樹碳吸存量。研究結果顯示經本研究所得最適直線迴歸式可解釋的變異量達75%與國外相關研究相當,比在台灣山區人工林研究成果可靠度提升很多。估計平均每ha光蠟林蓄積量為16.93 ± 1.16 m3/ha,平均每ha吸存的碳量為7.55 ± 0.52 ton/ha,全區的光蠟林總碳吸存量為1,276.40 ± 87.28 ton,所得成果可用空間分布圖展示。此外,使用迴歸推估法優於直接使用樣區推估法、本研究最適地面樣區數目為40個,一併在文中加以探討。

Abstract

Due to afforested plantations have a considerable amount of biological carbon sequestration capacity, the government has been aiming at large area of plantations on the agricultural lands to relieve the pressure of global warming and face the coming of Post Kyoto Protocol. How to use satellite images combined with ground survey data to accurately estimate the biomass of plantation carbon sequestration has become an international issue. In this study, the afforested lands between 2002 and 2009 belonging to Taiwan Sugar Company’s Dai-Lung and Dai-Fun farms at Guangfu township, Hualien county were used as experimental area. The FORMOSAT- 2 (FS2) satellite image of this area acquired on February 13, 2009 and plantations maps of these two farms were collected as geographic information for biomass estimation. After a procedure of radiation normalization for the FS2 image, we applied soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) of FS2 focused on plantations of Fraxinus griffithii (Fg) that occupied 17%, a total area of 168 hectares distributed in the area, to classifying the SAVI of them to 5 separated grades. Considering the spatial heterogeneity of SAVI on graded patches of plantations, a stratified purposive sampling method investigated a total of 70 ground plots (20 m x 20 m) , in which per–tree field survey was made, was conducted for the study. After filtering out 10 plots through data exploration procedure and spatial correlation analysis, the optimal linear regression model for the estimates of volume per hectare was established by linking mean SAVI and average timber volume per hectare of 60 plots. Referencing to IPCC formula and optimal conversion factors from domestic researches, the amount of carbon sequestration of Fg at each plantation patch and in the whole experimental area was calculated and evaluated. The results show that the optimal regression model derived from the methods can explain the variation amounted to 75%, which is comparable to some best results of oversea researches and enhanced much more reliability when compared with the past studies conducted at mountain areas in Taiwan. The estimated average Fg stock volume is 16.93 ± 1.16 m3ha-1, average amount of carbon sequestration is 7.55 ± 0.52 ton ha-1 and the total is 1,276.40 ± 87.28 ton on the whole experimental area. In addition, the discussion of this study explores that the use of regression estimation method is superior to direct estimation method from the sample plots and the optimal number of ground plots is 40.

關鍵字

福衛二號、碳吸存、平地造林、森林調查

Keywords

FORMOSA-2, Carbon Sequestration, Afforestation, Forest Survey

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201106-16-79-99

Pages:

101-113

論文名稱

應用SPOT衛星影像推估台糖公司屏東縣平地造林 碳貯存

Title

Use SPOT Satellite Images to Estimate the Afforestation Carbon Storage of Taiwan Sugar Corporation in Ping-Tung

作者

廖宜緯、 陳美光、 陳羽康、 鍾玉龍、 吳守從

Author

Yi-Wai Liao, Mei-Kuang Chen ,Yu-Kang Chen, Yuh-Lurng Chung, Shou- Tsung Wu

中文摘要

氣候變遷已成為無法避免之趨勢,且其影響範圍廣大,故需藉由栽植造林以及減少碳排放來達到減緩氣候變遷。而台糖公司配合政府政策,於2002年將廣大農業土地轉化成平地造林,透過遙測技術之輔助,可監測屏東地區平地造林碳貯存量的變化,進而對林地進行有效管理。本研究以2005、2009兩期SPOT-5影像,透過植生指標之輔助,進行碳貯存量與影像反射值之迴歸分析,藉以推算屏東平地造林之碳貯存量,結果顯示農場林地植生覆蓋面積達1,839 ha,2005年碳貯存量6.147 C Mg ha-1,總累計量11,304.33 C Mg;2009年平均碳貯存量為6.693 C Mg ha-1,總累計達12,308.43 C Mg。

Abstract

Climate change has become on inevitable trend and influenced huge ranges all over the world. Therefore we should reduce carbon emissions and plant trees to achieve the mitigation of climate change. Taiwan Sugar Corporation in Ping-Tung transformed the agricultural lands to the afforestation of flat lands which’s been operated in coordination with government’s policies in 2002. By analyzing two images of 2005 and 2009 used to be the materials, this research estimated the afforestation’s Carbon Storage in Ping-Tung of Taiwan Sugar Corporation by vegetation index. The results showed that the farm covering area of forest vegetation is 1,839 ha in 2009, and the annual carbon accumulation was 6.693 C Mg ha-1, and 12,308.43 C Mg in total. In 2005, the average annual carbon storage capacity is 6.147 C Mg ha-1, and 11,304.33C Mg in total.

關鍵字

氣候變遷、平地造林、碳貯存量、植生指標

Keywords

Climate Change, Afforestation, Carbon Storage, Vegetation Index

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201106-16-101-113

Pages:

115-126

論文名稱

以精密單點定位技術估計GPS追蹤站之絕對位移速度

Title

Absolute Site Velocity Estimation Using The GPS Precise Point Positioning Technique

作者

陳志嘉、楊名

Author

Jhih-Jia Chen, Ming Yang

中文摘要

全球定位系統(Global Positioning System, GPS)被廣泛應用在控制網的建立、追蹤站位移速度估計等應用上。傳統上,以相對定位估計追蹤站位移速度,所直接得到的往往是各追蹤站間的相對位移速度;而以IGS(International GNSS Service)精密星曆、時鐘產品定位的精密單點定位(Precise Point Positioning, PPP)技術則具有可直接獲得在國際參考框架(International Terrestrial Reference Frame, ITRF)下的絕對位置解等優勢。但由於上述IGS產品為各分析中心產品之弛約制解的加權平均,其原點和地心間存在差異,連帶影響了PPP的定位成果。因此PPP所得的追蹤站位移速度之精確度,也就值得探討。 本研究以均勻分布全球的33個IGS追蹤站於2002年至2010年的資料,以PPP方式估計其位移速度,並與在ITRF下的位移速度相比。在ITRF2000時期,其差異在E、N、H三方向各為0.22±1.34mm/yr、-0.93±0.89mm/yr、4.82±2.20mm/yr,藉由Helmert七參數轉換,差異降至-0.07±1.29mm/yr、-0.25±0.57mm/yr、-0.00±2.22mm/yr。而在ITRF2005時期,差異在三方向各為-0.07±0.73mm/yr、-0.28±0.53mm/yr、2.50±2.04mm/yr,經過轉換後則為0.05±0.64mm/yr、-0.33±0.42mm/yr、0.00±2.01mm/yr,僅在高程方向差異有所改善。代表隨著參考框架更新,IGS產品品質的提升,在ITRF2005時期以PPP方式估計追蹤站的之絕對水平位移速度其精確度已在1mm/yr以內。

Abstract

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used in various applications such as geodetic control networks and site velocity estimation. Traditionally, site velocities have been determined using relative GPS positioning. However, the obtained velocity results are thus relative in nature. In recent years, the precise point positioning (PPP) technique, which uses International GNSS Services (IGS) products -- precise satellite ephemerides and clocks -- to directly estimate site positions in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), has become a promising tool for absolute site velocity estimation. Nevertheless, the PPP-derived site positions have been reported to be partially biased as a result of the fact that the above IGS products are based on the loosely constrained IGS analysis centre (AC) solutions. So it is an interesting issue to examine the accuracy of PPP-derived site velocities. In this research, we computed a set of PPP-derived velocity solutions for 33 evenly distributed IGS global tracking stations from 2002 to 2010, and compared them with their respective quantities defined in the ITRF. During the ITRF2000 period, the velocity differences in the east, north, and up directions are 0.22±1.34, -0.93±0.89, 4.82±2.20 mm/yr, respectively. After performing the 7-parameter Helmert transformation to absorb the systematic biases between the PPP results and the ITRF, the differences are significantly reduced to -0.07±1.29, -0.25±0.57, -0.00±2.22 mm/yr, respectively. During the ITRF2005 period, the velocity differences in the east, north, and up directions are -0.07±0.73, -0.28±0.53, 2.50±2.04 mm/yr, and 0.05±0.64, -0.33±0.42, 0.00±2.01 mm/yr after Helmert transformation. Only the vertical component is notably improved by the transformation. This indicates that the quality of IGS products improves with time so the biases existed in the PPP solutions are gradually diminishing. It is concluded that under the current ITRF2005, one can reliably use the PPP technique to obtain highly accurate, on the level of sub-mm/yr, absolute horizontal site velocities.

關鍵字

精密單點定位、追蹤站位移速度估計、國際參考框架

Keywords

Precise point positioning, site velocity estimation, International Terrestrial Reference Frame

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201106-16-115-126

Pages:

127-137

論文名稱

以多張近景影像萃取牆面三維線段之研究

Title

3-D Line Extraction for Building Façade Using Multiple Close-Range Images

作者

張智安、高崇軒

Author

Tee-Ann Teo , Chung-Hsuan Kao

中文摘要

三維房屋模型可由簡單的矩形模型,逐漸以屋頂、牆面及室內結構加以細緻化,本研究目的為發展自動化牆面線形結構萃取程序,以提升房屋模型的細緻度。研究中結合多張近景影像及初始房屋模型重建牆面三維線段,主要工作包含自動化方位重建及牆面三維線段重建。方位重建使用加速強健特徵點 (Speeded Up Robust Features, SURF)匹配產生影像間之共軛點,配合人工量測之少量控制點進行光束法平差,完成影像方位參數求解。三維線段重建中,首先萃取影像中牆面二維線形特徵,再以物空間匹配方式產生三維線段之點群,接著以隨機抽樣一致演算法(Random Sample Consensus, RANSAC)由三維點群計算三維線段參數,最後完成牆面三維線段重建。實驗成果顯示,自動化方位重建檢核點之均方根誤差在三軸方向分別為1.6 公分、3.2 公分及2.2 公分;物空間匹配之均方根誤差在三軸方向分別是4.9公分、5.1公分及6.3公分;而線段重建之均方根誤差約為10公分。

Abstract

The detail of a building model can be distinguished into block models, roof structures, facade structures and indoor structures. The detailed model is not only similar to its true appearance, but also can be applied to more delicate aspects, which may facilitate the decision making procedure. In order to improve the level-of-detail of a building model, this research has developed an automatic line extraction procedure for facade, including orientation determination, multiple images matching and line fitting. A large number of conjugate points in multiple images are generated by Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF). Orientation determination can then be done by bundle adjustment using tie points and control points. Aiming on linear features, object-based matching is applied to decrease the effect of image difference caused by scale, rotation and relief displacement. Finally, 3D line fitting is done by Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC). The experimental results indicate that the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of orientation determination in X, Y, and Z directions are 1.6cm, 3.2cm and 2.2cm, respectively. The RMSE of object-based matching in three directions are 4.9cm, 5.1cm and 6.3cm, respectively. Moreover, the RMSE of 3D line fitting is about 10 cm.

關鍵字

多影像匹配、物空間匹配、線形特徵匹配

Keywords

Multiple image matching, Object-based matching, linear feature

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201106-16-127-137

Pages:

139-149

論文名稱

臺中地區土地利用變化於熱島效應之研究

Title

The Study of Taichung Area Land Use Change on Heat Island Effect

作者

何佳薇、周天穎、 楊龍士

Author

Chia-Wei Ho,Tine-Yin Chou, Lung-Shih Yang

中文摘要

臺灣因經濟快速發展及高度工業化,能源使用增加近20倍,工廠密度及單位面積能源的消耗率,使臺灣地區受到熱島效應的影響範圍越趨顯著,可說是當前迫切的環境問題。熱島效應為都市環境結構多以人工不透水層舖面取代原有自然地表覆蓋,造成環境失去氣溫平衡調節功能,使都市內部氣溫高於郊區。隨空間資訊技術進步,遙測資訊具有高光譜態、多元尺度、多時序與資料獲取快速的優點,運用遙測技術探討都市熱島效應現象日趨成熟,故本研究運用遙測影像探討臺中地區土地利用變化對熱島效應空間分佈區位之影響。 本研究利用Landsat衛星影像,進行多光譜資訊反演地表溫度。透過地表輻射溫度資訊反演,及都市熱島強度值之計算,將熱島強度分為四種層級;再配合兩時期國土地用調查資料,以土地利用覆蓋面積及變遷資訊獲得運算後各種用地之面積比例值,探討不同土地利用與熱島效應分布之情形。研究結果指出,前後期影像所反演之地表亮度溫度平均值上升約2K,且臺中市中心溫度明顯高於郊區溫度;臺中市熱島效應影響較大之區域其土地利用類別主要為人工鋪面及其他用地上,溫度值較高,分布於舊臺中市區及西部,前後期之面積百分比增加約13%;對熱島效應影響較小之土地利用類別為植生及水體,溫度值較低,大多分布於東部,其面積百分比前後期減少約9%。在工業區部分,加入產業類別總用電量比較分析後發現,工業區之產業類別不同,其耗能量愈高,對於熱島效應影響愈大。

Abstract

In the past 40 years, Taiwan has high degree of industrialization and rapid economic development, resulting in the increase of energy use by nearly 20 times and higher plant density and energy consumption rate per unit area. Therefore, the heat island effect in Taiwan has become an urgent and significant issue about living environment. Urban heat island is mainly due to the artificial impermeable pavement used to replace the original ground surface. The replacement has caused unbalanced temperature and made higher temperature at urban areas than the rural ones. With the development of spatial information technology, the remote sensing has advantages of high spectral rate, multi-scale images, multi-temporal and fast data acquisition. The application of remote sensing has been focused on urban heat island study nowadays. In this research, the remote sensing was used to analyze the land-use change and industrial development, and their impacts on the effect of urban heat island in Taichung. In this study, the thermal infrared band images generated by the Landsat satellite were used to estimate the surface temperature change. National land use data was applied to analyze land use change of Taichung. The study also discussed the correlation of land use and urban heat island. The results indicated that land surface radiation temperature increased 2 Kelvin degrees in average within 14 years. In addition, the temperature at central area is obviously higher than rural area. The area which premier affected by heat island is increased 13%, which can be recognized as artificial land and some other uses where located at prior Taichung City and western part. On the other hand, the area which has less influence from heat island is decrease 9%, which can be recognized as vegetation land and water where located at eastern part. In the industrial zones, according to the comparison analysis of power consumption, we have found the industry has higher consumption of energy, also with more contribution of urban heat island effect.

關鍵字

遙感探測、熱島效應、土地利用、地表亮度溫度

Keywords

Heat Island Effect、Remote Sensing、Land Use、Surface Temperature Retrieval

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201106-16-139-149

更多活動學刊