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17卷/1期

17卷/1期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

特刊引言

論文名稱

水資源遙感探測

Title

作者

游保杉

Author

中文摘要

水是生命形成的重要因素,也是人類文明發軔的起源。從大禹治水、尼羅河洪泛,到「深淘灘、淺作堰」的都江堰、八田與一修建的嘉南大圳,水資源之成功應用可說是成就人類文明與文化發展之基石。由於台灣面臨多自然災害的環境,無論是大雨導致之淹水或山崩地滑,或是缺水導致的限水,均對人民福祉與國家經濟產生重大影響。水資源議題之重要性,不言可喻。本特刊旨在介紹衛星遙測與水資源的整合,期待未來有更深入跨領域研究成果,對水資源與防災更具體貢獻。 水資源議題之探討有多重面向,由氣象、氣候、以及全球變遷,到土地使用型態改變導致逕流特性轉換、地形變化導致沖刷淤積之行為變化,均屬於水資源議題。遙感探測具有掌握高時空分辨率之特性,提供水資源研究有效資訊,無論是光學型感測器或微波型感測器,均是現代所有與地理空間相關研究之重要一環。航測及遙測學刊乃中華民國航空測量及遙感探測學會所發行之專業期刊,基於推廣航測及遙測技術應用於水資源環境調查及分析之研究,乃規劃出版「水資源遙測」專刊。水資源之應用課題眾多,本特刊所刊載者為林林總總多樣研究中之部分議題。本刊所載者計五篇,其篇名依序為: 應用遙測偵測鹽水溪上游土地利用改變及其對逕流之影響; 整合遙測資訊於山區雨量推估; 運用福衛二號高時空分辨率多光譜影像於台灣全島崩塌地判釋與災害分析; 結合MODIS 與Formosat-2 光學影像建立高屏河口及沿岸水體高時空分辨率總懸浮物質濃度估算公式; 應用MODIS 影像反演土壤含水率-以泰國MaeSa集水區為例。 這五篇論文所探討之課題各異,反映出航測及遙測技術應用於水資源環境調查及分析之多樣性。而這五項研究,因應課題之差異,所探討之尺度亦有所不同。第一篇與第五篇,均以集水區為對象。相對應者,第四篇針對較小之特定區域,第三篇則涵蓋全台灣。以感測器性質而言,除第二篇使用微波外,其餘諸篇均以使用光波波段為主。而就使用光波波段感測器者,第四、五兩篇著重於構建模式反演,第一、三篇則應用到分類與辨識之技術。這五篇論文所探討之課題,最終均與水資源管理以及防災議題相關聯。 水資源之適當管理與妥善應用,是人類趨福避禍之重要環節。如何充分應用太空科技,了解環境、認識環境、因應環境,是一個嚴肅的課題,願本特刊之編印,能對航測及遙測技術應用於水資源環境調查及分析提供參考案例,並由而達成促進之功能。本特刊中諸項研究所使用之數據,AVHRR、LANDSAT、MODIS,均無資料獲取費用之需求。因此,瓶頸實為研究分析之人力與創意。

Abstract

關鍵字

Keywords

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

1-16

論文名稱

應用遙測偵測鹽水溪上游土地利用改變及其對逕流之影響

Title

Detecting Land Use Change by Remote Sensing and It’s Impact on Runoff in the Upstream of Yan-Shoei Creek

作者

王毓麒, 郭俊超, 游保杉

Author

Yu-Chi Wang, Chun-Chao Kuo, Pao-Shan Yu

中文摘要

臺灣由於經濟發展形成流域內土地都市化嚴重;而都市化對流域內洪水影響程度,是極需探討的主題。本文以鹽水溪流域豐化橋以上集水區為研究區域,探討土地利用改變,對都市化後水文歷線及蓄洪能力之影響。本文利用主題圖切除配合監督式分類之方法,針對1972年Landsat MSS 影像及2000年SPOT 影像,進行土地利用分類;並發現其中建築面積從1972到2000年增加約1600公頃。因研究區域包含平地及山區,故嘗試加入水筒模式,與過去可合理模擬山區;運動波理論建立之格網型降雨-逕流模式連結。經過12場歷史暴雨事件的率定,證實加入水筒模式可合理模擬降雨-逕流關係;進一步利用此分布型降雨-逕流模式,探討土地利用改變對蓄洪能力之影響程度;結果發現集水區10年重現期距之設計洪水增加約10%,可能增加淹水機率,應提出適當減洪措施以減少損失。

Abstract

Urbanization is significantly increasing in Taiwan recently because of economic development. The basin Yan-Shoei creek is chosen as the study area to investigate the influence of urbanizing on runoff hydrograph and flood storage ability. 1972 LANDSAT MSS and 2000 SPOT satellite imageries are applied to identify the land use types by using the method that the image was classified by sub-pixel and supervised classification after the thematic maps were first cut off. The results showed building area increases about 1600 acres from 1972 to 2000. Due to the terrain of study area contains flat area and mountains; we tried to connect the tank model for flat area with the grid-based distributed rainfall-runoff model, which is based on kinematic wave approach for hilly area. Calibration from 12 storm events concluded that the model proposed in this work can well simulate the rainfall-runoff relationship. The model is further applied to investigate the impact of land use change on runoff. The return period 10-year flood was found to be increased around 10%, which reveals that changes the probability of flooding. The adaptation measures are necessarily proposed to reduce damage.

關鍵字

遙感探測、次像元分類、土地利用變遷、水筒模式、降雨-逕流模式

Keywords

Remote Sensing、Land use change、Tank model、Rainfall-runoff model

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201303-17-1-16

Pages:

17-30

論文名稱

整合遙測資訊於山區雨量推估

Title

Integrating Multiple Information for Precipitation Estimating in Mountainous Area

作者

張斐章, 蔡孟蓉, 江衍銘, 謝明昌

Author

Fi-John Chang, Meng-Jung Tsai, Yen-Ming Chiang, Ming-Chang Shieh

中文摘要

近年來遙測資訊相繼應用於降雨預報,其主要優點在於有效觀察大範圍降雨在時空之變化。本研究首先蒐集QPESUMS系統之雷達雨量產品、PERSIANN-CCS衛星觀測系統之雨量產品以及地面雨量站觀測紀錄;接著以遺傳演算法融合地面雨量、雷達及衛星影像推估雨量三種資訊;為比較融合雨量之有效性,本研究再以ANFIS架構三種定量降雨預報模式分別為:(1)三種未融合資訊(2)二種融合資訊(3)三種融合資訊,預測未來一小時降雨,由研究結果可知三種融合資訊之定量降雨預報系統為最佳,模式測試部分相關係數、RMSE及MAE分別為0.88、3.88及2.39且RMSE在t+1時刻有28%之改善率。

Abstract

Simulation of extreme rainfall-runoff events is the key issue for flood mitigation. The accuracy of flood forecasting driven by models is usually dependent on whether the upstream precipitation information is sufficient or not. In the past, such information was provided by ground measurements. The development of remotely sensed technology enables researchers to realize the spatial distribution of rainfall. Remote sensing data provide more useful information than ground measurements. The GA was applied to merging different precipitation products through various input combinations. Finally, the ANFIS was conducted to build three quantitative precipitation forecast models by feeding different input combinations, which are1) three precipitation products, 2) merged precipitation generated by QPESUMS and ground measurements, and 3) merged precipitation generated by PERSIANN-CCS, QPESUMS and ground measurements, respectively. The improvement rate of model 3) over model 1) for quantitative precipitation forecast is 28% at t+1.The results show the model merging ground measurements, QPESUMS and PERSIANN-CCS produced the best precision for quantitative precipitation forecast.

關鍵字

資料融合、類神經網路、定量降雨預報

Keywords

data integration, artificial neural network, quantitative precipitation forecasting

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201303-17-17-30

Pages:

31-51

論文名稱

運用福衛二號高時空分辨率多光譜影像於台灣全島崩塌地判釋與災害分析

Title

Using The FORMOSAT-2 High Spatial And Temporal Resolution Multispectral Image For Analysis And Interpretation Landslide Disasters in Taiwan

作者

林恩如, 劉正千, 張智華, 鄭依凡, 柯明勳

Author

En-Ju Lin, Cheng-Chien Liu, Chih-Hua Chang, I-Fan Cheng, Ming-Hsun Ko

中文摘要

台灣每年同時受到三項以上自然災害威脅的人口面積比例高居世界第一位,其中主要為山坡地災害,且台灣缺乏長時間的崩塌目錄。故本研究將2005至2012年間的福衛影像經錯位修正、正射糾正、色彩融合、邊緣銳化與可適化對比增揚處理後,再以「遙測影像崩塌及陰影區專家輔助圈繪系統」進行陰影與崩塌區之判釋、以最小集水區的觀點群組崩塌地、結合陰影資訊的變異分析法找出年間變動量,最後建置崩塌目錄。在崩塌判釋結果方面,2m解析度判釋結果與25cm航照判釋結果相比,崩塌判釋之平均整體準確度達98%。

Abstract

Taiwan ranks top one of the world in the ratios of population and area that are threatened by more than three natural disasters. Among various types of disasters, the landslide occurred in mountainous areas is the major one. To gain an insight of the mechanism and the long-term trend of landslide, we need a detailed landslide inventory of Taiwan generated from the same source of data, using the same interpreting method, with a comparable precision. Formosat-2 images of Taiwan area taken from 2005 to 2012 are processed by Formosat-2 automatic image processing system (F-2 AIPS). This system is able to digest the raw data of Gerald format, apply the basic radiometric and geometric correction, output the level-1A product, conduct the rigorous band-to-band coregistration, automatic orthorectification, multi-temporal image geometrical registration, multi-temporal image radiometric normalization, spectral summation intensity modulation pan-sharpening, edge enhancement and adaptive contrast enhancement, and the absolute radiometric calibration. The expert landslide and shaded area delineation system (ELSADS) is then used to produce the shadow and landslide inventory. Based on the concept of minimum catchment, all landslide polygons are grouped to investigate their annual variations. The accuracy of landslide inventory is carefully validated with the manual interpretations from aerial images (25cm), and the mean accuracy is 98%.

關鍵字

衛星影像處理、崩塌地判釋、陰影判釋、年間變動量、崩塌地群組

Keywords

Satellite image processing, interpretation of landslide, interpretation of shadow, variation, group of landslide

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201303-17-31-51

Pages:

53-65

論文名稱

結合MODIS與Formosat-2光學影像建立高屏河口及沿岸水體高時空分辨率總懸浮物質濃度估算公式

Title

Integration of MODIS and Formosat-2 Imagery for the Development of a Reliable and High-Tempospatial-Resolution Total Suspended Matter Concentration Retrieval Model: Case Study in Goaping River Mouth

作者

楊凱傑, 張智華, 劉正千, 邱耀勝, 劉祖乾

Author

Kai-Jie Yang, Chih-Hua Chang, Cheng-Chien Liu, Yao-Sheng Chiu, James T. Liu

中文摘要

沿岸水體常含有大量懸浮物質(Total Suspended Matter, TSM),主要來自陸源沖淡水團的輸送及海底沉積物的再揚起。來自陸源輸送的TSM水團因河川流量、潮汐及沿岸流場之作用使其濃度之時空分佈特性明顯,高濃度區會有水質惡化的現象,並影響海洋生態、漁業及珊瑚礁的生長。鑑於傳統監測無法充分掌握TSM濃度時空分佈特性之缺點,本研究利用Terra及Aqua衛星搭載Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)感測器之多頻譜優勢,以及福衛二號(Formosat-2, FS-2)光學影像之高時空分辨率特性,以雙衛星資料建立高屏河口之TSM濃度估算公式。研究運用8幅Aqua-MODIS及Terra-MODIS影像(Band 1)及與其對應之高屏河口TSM船測數據建立250 m解析度MODIS-TSM估算公式(R2=0.84)。其次,利用2幅MODIS-TSM所得之高低濃度TSM影像做為地真資料,將與其對應之FS-2影像以MODIS大氣參數與FLAASH模式進行大氣校正獲致海面反射率後,建立8 m解析度FS2-TSM估算公式(R2=0.86)。最後,以2011/6/7海研三號CR1542航次採得之河口到小琉球6點TSM資料進行FS2-TSM驗證。受到大氣與驗證濃度偏低的影響,驗證結果雖不理想,但福衛二號呈現之TSM空間分佈趨勢仍與實測有高度相關(R=0.8 )。本研究建立之福衛二號高分辨率TSM濃度估算公式,具有多頻譜影像如MODIS推估水質濃度之可靠度,又具有高空間解析度,就遙測於民生及水資源用途而言,可提供比傳統監測更大範圍及近即時的TSM資訊,並補齊MODIS水色產品所欠缺之河口沖淡水團分佈細節。

Abstract

Total Suspended Matter (TSM) concentration in nearshore waters plays a very important role to the coastal water quality management, oceanic primary production and coral reef conservation. However, traditional approach provides limited information in terms of spatial and temporal coverage for monitoring TSM concentration in nearshore waters. The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on board Terra and Aqua satellite can provide abundant spectral information for rigorous atmospheric correction and retrieving TSM concentrations from the observation of ocean color in a large scale (250 m resolution). With the advantage of daily-revisit characteristics of Formosat-2 satellite (FS-2), the Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI) onboard FS-2 provide high-tempospatial data (8 m resolution), however, insufficient spectral information to resolve the water color. With an intention to well understand the dynamic and spatial patterns of TSM concentration in the Goaping river, this study presents a multi-satellite sensor approach that integrate both the advantage of MODIS and RSI to generate high resolution map of TSM concentration on FS-2 imagery. Firstly, a 250m resolution TSM regression model named MODIS-GP-TSM was established using MODIS Band 1 reflectance and concurrent TSM concentration measured at Gaoping River mouth. Secondly, with the TSM data derived from two MODIS images and MODIS-GP-TSM, an 8m resolution TSM retrieval model named FS2-GP-TSM was developed on the corresponding FS-2 images. The FS2-GP-TSM was verified to another set of field data taken from the river mouth to Lamey Island, with a good agreement between derived and observed TSM concentrations. This study encourages the use of multi-satellite approaches to extend the application of the FS-2 imagery on monitoring costal and nearshore waters where high resolution information is required.

關鍵字

總懸浮物質、福衛二號、MODIS、水質、雙衛星遙測

Keywords

Total Suspended Matter, MODIS, Formosat-2, Remote Sensing, Multi-satellite

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201303-17-53-65

Pages:

67-75

論文名稱

應用MODIS影像反演土壤含水率-以泰國MaeSa 集水區為例

Title

Soil Moisture Estimation by MODIS Imagery - The Case of the MaeSa Catchment in Thailand

作者

張子瑩, 林李耀

Author

Tzu-Yin Chang, Lee-Yaw Lin

中文摘要

近年來熱帶地區國家,正逢快速的經濟發展,面臨大量的土地利用改變以增加農作面積或轉換成工業用地,為因應大量農業與工業的用水,水資源的分配與管理,逐漸成為重要的議題。在水的循環過程中,土壤含水率扮演著重要的角色之一,獲得土壤含水率的變化資訊,有助於強化水文模式,及了解不同土地利用覆蓋下的水資源的分布情形,對於分析未來的土地使用變更計劃所造成的水資源變遷,都可提供有用的資訊。本研究利用遙測技術結合熱慣量法,推估泰國北部MaeSa集水區內之土壤含水率。在遙測技術方面採用2002至2009年的美國中尺度影像光譜儀 (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS)及可與影像實際結合的表觀熱慣量法(Apparent Thermal Inertia, ATI)分別推估土壤深度10公分、100公分及200公分的土壤含水率。比對MODIS的推估值與地面觀測站的實測值的結果:10公分、100公分及200公分相關係數分別為0.80,0.84,及0.84。土深10公分、100公分及200公分的納許-史托克利夫效率係數值(Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, E),分別為0.57,0.537及0.492;而均方根誤差在各深度分別為0.055,0.025 及0.029。綜合統計結果,土壤深度為100公分的含水率推估結果最佳。本研究成功地使用MODIS影像推估MaeSa集水區的土壤含水率,未來將可有效使用此方法於其他測站缺乏的集水區,以提供更豐富的土壤含水率資訊於相關領域管理應用。

Abstract

Tropical countries nowadays are at the economic developing stage. They are facing the rapid land use/ land cover change and increasing water demand for agriculture and industry. Therefore, hydrological issue becomes more and more important in these regions than ever before. In this study, we used thermal inertia approach with remote sensing technique to estimate the root zone soil moisture content, which plays a key role of hydrological cycle, in the tropical watershed of northern Thailand. The main purposes are focused on monitoring soil moisture content change which is part of an alert system for water supply and understanding the water distribution pattern corresponding to above land cover type and that is useful for land-use planning in the future. We analyzed different depths including 10cm, 100cm and 200cm root zone soil moisture contents (SMC) derived from the modified apparent thermal inertia approach (ATI) with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery from 2002 to 2009. The results showed that the Pearson correlation coefficient and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient between ground truth and retrieved SMC under all different land cover sites for three depths were respective above 0.80, 0.84, 084 and 0.57, 0.537, 0.492. The retrieved precision referred to Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value were 0.055, 0.025 and 0.029 (m3. m-3) for respective three depths. The 100cm depth root zone SMC showed the optimal estimation in response to the upper precipitation characteristics and various land cover types. The successful root zone SMC estimation by using optical remote sensing data will still have a strong contribution for the tropical or subtropical mountain studies in the future.

關鍵字

MODIS、遙測、土壤含水率、熱慣量

Keywords

MODIS, Remote Sensing, Soil Moisture content, thermal inertia

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

201303-17-67-75

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