ENGLISH

22卷/1期

22卷/1期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

專刊引言

論文名稱

遙測衛星Ⅲ

Title

作者

張桂祥

Author

中文摘要

西元1972年美國發射世界上第一顆民用遙測衛星「地球資源技術衛星」,後改稱「大地衛星」(Landsat),開啟衛星遙測影像非軍事領域的用途。西元1986年法國發射SPOT-1衛星,1990年發射SPOT-2 衛星,SPOT-1與SPOT-2衛星可提供10米黑白與20米彩色遙測影像。SPOT衛星影像在1986年俄羅斯車若比事件與1991年沙漠風暴行動中聲名大噪,讓全世界更多人瞭解到衛星遙測影像對人類的應用。 衛星遙測影像具有高度的軍事價值,在冷戰其間,僅有少數政府單位在使用,冷戰結束後,美國開始逐步鬆綁對遙測衛星使用的限制,帶動了商用遙測衛星的發展。美國商用遙測衛星歷經數次發射失敗,終於在1999年Ikonos-2衛星成功發射,從此高解析度遙測衛星開始快速的蓬勃發展。 根據國家太空中心所作的統計,截至2014年底止,已有26顆GSD小於1米的超高解析度遙測衛星在運作、24顆GSD介於1米到4米的高解析度遙測衛星在飛行,若以擁有這些衛星的國家數來看,擁有超高解析度遙測衛星共有12個國家,而擁有高解析度遙測衛星的國家則有20個國家。然而在這些擁有高解析度或是超高解析度遙測衛星的國家當中,台灣是除了美國、俄羅斯、英國、法國、德國、日本、印度、南韓、中國、以色列等,少數幾個具備製造高解析度遙測衛星研製能力的國家。 國家太空中心很高興再次受到中華民國航空測量及遙感探測學會的邀請,發行遙測衛星專刊,介紹台灣在遙測衛星領域技術的最新發展。首先與遙測影像儀研製及特性相關的論文有四篇,分別是「福衛五號遙測酬載之熱分析模型校驗」、「福衛五號光學遙測酬載結構體精密組裝」、「福衛五號遙測取像儀性能評估與校正」以及「福衛五號遙測儀之全球增益值研究與開發」,與衛星本體相關的有「福衛五號姿態與軌道系統硬體之極性驗證與測試」以及「福衛五號電磁自相容測試」兩篇,最後則是與任務分析及操作有關的「福爾摩沙衛星五號初始任務軌道調整分析與策略」。 我們期待經由這份遙測專刊的出版,能夠讓國內學術界瞭解台灣在遙測衛星相關技術的發展現況,並希望未來能有更多人能夠投入太空科技的發展行列,為台灣建立永續發展的太空產業奠定厚實的基礎。

Abstract

關鍵字

專刊引言

Keywords

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

1-11

論文名稱

福爾摩沙衛星五號初始任務軌道調整分析與策略

Title

Initial Orbit Adjustment Analysis and Strategy for FORMOSAT-5 Mission

作者

薛創維,黃楓台

Author

Chuang-Wei Hsueh, Feng-Tai Hwang

中文摘要

國家太空中心(以下簡稱太空中心)已完成整合測試的福衛五號預計在2017年發射,其任務軌道為720公里高的太陽同步軌道,這種軌道特性具有地面軌跡兩天再訪,在衛星轉動視角(Field of Regard,簡稱FOR)45度的條件下可以達成兩天全球覆蓋。然而日月的吸引力導致福衛五號軌道傾角些微的變化,2到3年後升交點赤經累積的差異量將會非常顯著而導致降交點地方時漂移離開原任務所定的區間。本文提出三種不同模擬情境以描述福衛五號的初始軌道條件並利用商用軌道分析軟體AGI Systems Tool Kit (STK)進行模擬、分析並說明不同初始軌道的長期變化對於福衛五號後續軌道維護的影響性。最後提出任務軌道調整分析與策略,藉由在適當的降交點地方時正確的加入偏差值於初始理想軌道將可減少軌道維護的次數與燃料的使用,亦可延長衛星的任務周期與壽命。

Abstract

FORMOSAT-5 is the fifth space program initiated by National Space Organization (NSPO) of National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL), the Republic of China (ROC). FORMOSAT-5 will be operated in a sun-synchronous orbit at altitude of 720 km. Operating in this orbit, FORMOSAT-5 can have two-day revisit property, and can reach the goal of two-day global coverage with FOR of 45 degrees. However, the lunisolar attraction causes a slight variation in the satellite inclination, the accumulated deviation in Right Ascension of Ascending Node (RAAN) can be significant after 2 to 3 years, and the Local Time of Descending Node (LTDN) will drift out of the range of mission-required value. Three different scenarios for different initial orbits are proposed. For each scenario, the initial orbit and the long-term evolution of FOMOSAT-5 are simulated through STK simulation. Finally, initial orbit adjustment analysis and strategy are proposed, and adding some proper inclination in the ideal orbit at the appropriate LTDN will reduce fuel use and will extend the life cycle of a satellite mission.

關鍵字

福衛五號、軌道分析、傾角調整、STK 模擬

Keywords

FORMOSAT-5, Orbit adjustment, Orbit analysis, STK simulation

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

13-21

論文名稱

福衛五號遙測儀之全球增益數研究與開發

Title

Global Gain Map Generation For Formosat-5 RSI Observations

作者

許國賢,林孟岳,曾聖凱,林唐煌,劉振榮

Author

Kuo-Hsien Hsu, Meng-Yue Lin, Sheng-Kai Zeng, Tang-Huang Lin, Gin-Rong Liu

中文摘要

福爾摩沙衛星二號(以下簡稱福衛二號)為我國第一枚自主作業的遙測與科學用途之高空間解析度衛星,其搭載之遙測光學酬載為遙測照相儀(Remote Sensing Instrument, RSI),具有8米的高空間解析和8位元之輻射解析度。福爾摩沙衛星五號(以下簡稱福衛五號)擁有與福衛二號相似之多頻譜波段的遙測照相儀且具較高之12位元輻射解析度,為接續福衛二號之觀測任務。與一般高解析光學感測器不同,遙測照像儀擁有調整輻射動態範圍之功能,以提升高反射及低反射地區整合觀測之能力,即根據地表的反射特性調整動態量程(Dynamic Range)之增益數(Gain Factor),以避免高反射率地區出現灰階值飽和情形,並可加強低射率地區的訊噪比。因此,本文根據MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)所提供之全球地表反射率產品(MOD09),結合太陽之幾何參數與福衛二號及福衛五號之光學特性,應用輻射傳送模式6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum)分別計算福衛二號及福衛五號在大氣層頂所觀測的輻射率,配合RSI儀器之輻射轉換模式,建構福衛二號及福衛五號之全球增益數分布圖,以提供動態量程選用之參考依據。以福衛二號RSI的驗證結果顯示,本文所建構之全球增益數分布與現行之增益數分布,於陸地部分及部分頻段之海洋區域具有相近趨勢,顯示此方法具可行性。而在福衛五號之全球增益數反演結果方面,海洋、陸地和極區分別為四、二、一,與實際地表反射狀態相當穩合,顯示此法將可有效地提供未來福衛五號全球增益數之設置與選用參考,進而提升取像之成功率。

Abstract

FORMOSAT-2 (FS-2) is the first operational remote sensing satellite of the National Space Organization (NSPO) for science in Taiwan. The Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI), with high spatial resolution (8m) and 8-bits radiometric resolution, is the primary payload of FS-2. FORMOSAT-5 (FS-5) RSI has the similar spectral bands and bandwidths to FS-2 RSI but better radiometric resolution (12-bits) and spatial resolution in multispectral bands (4m). To fit the large fluctuation of surface reflectivity, an option of selecting gain factor is designed for the proper dynamic range of radiometric signal. When observing a high reflectivity region, the lower gain number should be selected to avoid the possible saturation of output signal, while a larger gain number would be favorable for a low reflectance region to enhance the signal to noise ratio (S/N Ratio). Therefore, the objective of present research is to generate global gain number of each spectral band for RSI FS-2/FS-5. For this topic, the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) global surface reflectance product (MOD09) associated with solar geometry and Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, (6S, a radiative transfer code) are employed to derive the reflected radiance in each spectral band at the top of atmosphere. With the radiometric coefficients of RSI, the maps of global gain number can be constructed accordingly. The generated gain number maps of FS-2 RSI agree with the operational maps of National Space Organization (NSPO) in most land areas and some marine areas. The results of FS-5 RSI also conform well to the criteria of gain setting in the areas of land, ocean and polar region in terms of surface reflectivity. The overall result suggests that the global gain maps generated in this study can competently offer the setting of FS-5 RSI gain number for the global observation after launched.

關鍵字

福衛二號、福衛五號、遙測照相儀、動態量程、增益數、全球地表反射率

Keywords

Formosat-5, Formosat-2, Dynamic range, Gain factor, RSI, Global surface reflectance

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

23-31

論文名稱

福衛五號姿態與軌道系統硬體之極性驗證與測試

Title

Polarity Validation and Testing of the FORMOSAT-5 Attitude and Orbit Control System Hardware

作者

魏瑋廷,葉明宇,詹英文

Author

Wei-Ting Wei, Ming-Yu Yeh, Ying-Wen Jan

中文摘要

衛星的姿態與軌道控制系統(AOCS)用於保持姿態軸的穩定、控制衛星本體的轉向以及軌道的調整,是衛星中最複雜的系統,需要使用許多不同功能的感測器(Sensor)來判定姿態,透過複雜的演算法與大量的計算,經由致動器(Actuator)輸出以控制姿態。如前述,AOCS是如此高度整合機械、電氣與控制的複雜系統,其中硬體極性錯誤常常是造成衛星失去控制,甚至最終導致任務失敗的原因,所以在每一環節確保極性正確格外顯得重要。本篇文章主要簡介福衛五號(FS-5) AOCS硬體極性驗證測試,針對不同元件的特性進行適當的規劃與測試設計,並敘述最終測試與分析結果。

Abstract

Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS) is the very vital one and usually one of the most complicated subsystems. It is in charge of maintaining the satellite on its orbit and controlling the pointing in the required range to achieve the expected performances. It is also designed to be a highly sophisticated system that not only contains various pieces of actuator and sensor hardware but also equips many exquisite software algorithms for control, guidance, and navigation purposes etc. in order to support different mission requirements. The Polarity validation plays an extremely important role in the verification of AOCS because any failure due to the polarity problem of AOCS hardware may make the satellite cannot fulfill its mission or lead to the worst-complete loss of the satellite. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce test strategies and demonstrate the test results for the FORMOSAT-5 (FS-5) AOCS Polarity Tests.

關鍵字

極性、姿態控制、衛星整合測試

Keywords

Polarity, AOCS, AIT

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

33-39

論文名稱

福衛五號光學遙測酬載結構體精密組裝

Title

Structure Assembly For Formosat-5 Remote Sensing Instrument

作者

洪珩瑑,郭人爵,楊美怡,秦奇傑

Author

Heng-Chuan Hung, Jen-Chueh Kuo, Mei-Yi Yang, Chi-Chieh Chin

中文摘要

福爾摩沙衛星五號計畫(簡稱福衛五號)是我國自主發展的第一枚遙測衛星,其目標在於建立衛星本體自主發展能力及傳承設計,以及建立光學遙測酬載儀器自主發展能力,並發展關鍵元件與技術。福衛五號遙測酬載結構體採用水平構型,主要由複合材料組成。主結構體由國家太空中心主導設計分析,並由漢翔公司協助研發製造,及進行最後的組裝。主結構體配合光學元件的組裝是整個光學遙測酬載發展過程最重要的挑戰之一。當結構體完成驗證、拆解,並讓光學元件完成組裝調校之後,結構體必須再進行重新組裝。由於此時光學鏡片相當敏感,因此結構體在光學元件組裝調校之後的重新再組裝過程,必須嚴格的進行管控,以避免額外的應力產生而導致變形。

Abstract

The Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI) is the main payload on board the FORMOSAT-5 satellite, which is the first space program that National Space Organization (NSPO) takes the full responsibility for. It is a Cassegrain type telescope built on a honeycomb panel with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) face sheets and aluminum alloy core. NSPO develops the bus and the RSI by integrating the domestic resources. The RSI assembly is mounted horizontally on the spacecraft bus. This configuration design concept mainly comes from the heritage of its predecessor, the FORMOSAT-2 Satellite. After delivery of the RSI structure, it is then dis-assembled for the next step assembly flow, namely the integration of the optical elements, primary mirror (M1), secondary mirror (M2), etc. The optical elements, especially the M1, are quite sensitive to any stress induced during the assembly flow. It is necessary to have a thorough plan to minimize the stresses introduced in the processes. This makes the task of re-assembly of the structure elements quite challenge. This paper presents the re-assembly flow used for FORMOSAT-5 RSI structure. Section 2 describes the elements for the RSI Structure, while detail assembly flow is depicted in Section 3. Section 4 documents the data generated from strain gauges during the re-assembly flow.

關鍵字

福衛五號、光學遙測酬載、複合材料

Keywords

Formosat-5, Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

41-50

論文名稱

福衛五號遙測酬載之熱分析模型校驗

Title

Thermal Model Correlation of FORMOSAT-5 Remote Sensing Instrument

作者

何承恩,陳孟壕,陳宗耀,黃正德,陳嘉瑞

Author

Cheng-En Ho, Meng-Hao Chen, Tsung-Yao Chen, Jeng-Der Huang, Chia-Ray Chen

中文摘要

福衛五號衛星已成功通過真空環境下之高低溫循環及熱平衡測試。依據在真空艙內熱平衡測試量到的溫度結果,去比對校驗熱分析模型及相關重要熱傳參數。如元件之間接合的熱傳導值、表面隔熱材料的等效輻射係數、散熱片的放射係數……等。在模擬中改變各熱傳係數值,分析相關參數對溫度結果之影響。並比對熱平衡測試量到的數據,找出修正參數的方向。再以降溫過程中的數據,去校驗模型中元件的熱容量值。熱分析模型經過修正後,模擬預估的元件溫度結果與熱平衡實測量到結果,兩者差異已縮小到5℃以內。熱分析模型經過比對校驗後,可提升預估遙測酬載在太空軌道溫度之準確性。

Abstract

Formosat-5 remote sensing instrument has successfully passed the thermal cycle and thermal balance test. According to the temperature data of the hot and cold balance test, the thermal property in the simulation model is correlated with the test results. The thermal properties include the interface thermal conductivity and the effective emissivity of the multi-layer insulation. The sensitive analysis of these parameters in simulation compared with the thermal balance test results are used to find the trend to update the parameters in the model. The thermal capacity of the parts in the model is verified by the comparison with the cold transient test. After the model correlation, the temperature difference between the model and the thermal test results are within 5℃. The thermal model after correlation can improve the temperature prediction of the remote sensing instrument in the space.

關鍵字

熱分析模型校驗、熱平衡測試、遙測酬載系統

Keywords

Thermal Model Correlation, Thermal Balance Test, Remote Sensing Instrument

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

51-60

論文名稱

福衛五號電磁自我相容測試

Title

Formosat-5 Self-Compatibility Test

作者

陳秀莉,陳永盛,余思嫻,李清宏

Author

Shiou-Li Chen, Yung-Sheng Chen, Szu-Hsien Yu, Ching-Horng Lee

中文摘要

福爾摩沙衛星五號(以下簡稱福衛五號)是我國第一顆完全自主發展的高解析度遙測衛星,福衛五號搭載之主要酬載為遙測影像儀(Remote Sensing Instrument, RSI)。本篇所討論的EMI / EMC測試主要驗證福衛五號衛星本體在任何一種任務操作模式下,當微波通訊系統運作時,如X頻段發射器(X-band transmitter)以及S頻段微波通訊設備(Radio Frequency Equipment Assembly, RFEA),上傳指令與下載衛星資料與影像資料時,衛星系統都不會發生性能下降或者任何功能故障的情況,確保衛星上的酬載系統與微波通訊系統在衛星上的電磁相容性。

Abstract

The purpose of the self-compatibility is to verify that the satellite, configured in operational modes, do not occur any malfunction or degradation of performances when operated in nominal TM/TC and X-band downlink system by radio frequency interface.

關鍵字

電磁相容、自我相容、微波通訊

Keywords

EMC, Self-compatibility, Radio Frequency

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

61-75

論文名稱

福衛五號遙測取像儀性能評估與校正

Title

FORMOSAT-5 RSI Performance Evaluation and Calibration

作者

劉小菁,許國賢,張勝聰,張和本

Author

Cynthia Liu, Kuo-Hsien Hsu, Shenq-Tsong Chang, Ho-Pen Chang

中文摘要

福衛五號遙測取像儀(簡稱為遙測儀)為國人第一個百分之百自主研發的遙測酬載,該遙測儀主要由大型光學鏡片、電子單元及具高解析度互補式金屬氧化物半導體感測器之望遠鏡所組成。遙測儀工程團隊不僅負責遙測儀系統的設計、開發與製造,也負責全系統組裝、整合與測試作業。本論文主要說明遙測儀之實際輻射、幾何與影像銳利度等儀器重要性能,並藉由檢測與校正遙測儀的廠測資料,來進行性能參數(例如訊噪比、調制轉換函數等重要參數)計算與分析。論文包括三部份,首先以輻射性能而言,全色態及多光譜波段的訊噪比均與系統要求一致、完成絕對與相對輻射參數(包括相對反應與暗訊號)推導與驗證作業、完成光源輻射轉換線性度確認。以幾何性能而言,完成絕對與相對幾何參數推導(包括視線(light-of-sight)向量之三階多項示參數、歐拉(Euler)角度參數(即翻滾角(Roll)、俯仰角(Pitch)、偏擺角(Yaw)))。以影像銳利度而言,交軌方向之對比轉換函數性能有優於系統需求的表現,沿軌方向之對比轉換函數性能表現則是在使用者可接受範圍內。未來福衛五號發射升空後,將期許可提供使用者許多有關地球資源與環境監測與相關遙測應用所需的重要影像資訊,包括有底圖產生、地表分類、變遷分析、防救災與影像融合等應用方面。

Abstract

FORMOSAT-5 Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI) is the first remote-sensing payload 100% developed by National Space Organization (NSPO) in Taiwan, which contains large lens, electronic unit (EU), and telescope with high resolution CMOS sensor. RSI engineering team not only designed/manufactured the self-reliant RSI system but also assembled all components into a functioning instrument. This paper describes how the RSI important RSI performance parameters (such as SNR, MTF…… etc.) being verified and the integration & test methodology used during the instrument development. The radiometric calibration indicates that measured SNR of multispectral band are consistent with their corresponding requirements. Based on measured relative radiometric parameters, such as relative response and offset, relative radiometric calibration can properly adjust the uneven response behavior of sensor elements observed from raw imagery. The measured output signal is linearly proportional to given input radiance during radiance conversion process. For geometric calibration, polynomial coefficients of light-of-sight vector of RSI sensor with three-order degree and three Euler angles (such as roll, pitch, yaw angles) between coordinates of RSI alignment and satellite master cube are derived. For image sharpness, the measured along-track CTF of all bands are still within the potential users' acceptability. The measured across-track CTF of all bands are above their corresponding specifications. In addition, RSI calibration plan to guarantee its integrity with preliminary prediction results that is also presented. FORMOSAT-5 imagery would be believed to provide lots of essential and critical information for many applications related to monitor the Earth's resources and environment, such as base map generation, land cover classification, land use change detection, disaster mitigation, and image fusion…etc., to FORMOSAT-5 user community.

關鍵字

遙測取像儀、福衛五號、校準

Keywords

Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI), FORMOSAT-5, Calibration

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=10218661&IssueID=201704280023

備註說明

N / A

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