ENGLISH

23卷/2期

23卷/2期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

特刊引言

論文名稱

無人飛行載具(UAV)技術之開發與應用

Title

作者

楊明德

Author

中文摘要

無人飛行載具(UAV)的發展日新月異,相較於有人飛機與衛星,具有成本低、操作容易、高空間解析度、飛行高度低較不受氣候影響等優點,主要用於小區域環境或土地監測與測繪,也漸漸廣泛應用於各領域。 筆者很榮幸於2017年1月接獲中華民國航空測量及遙感探測學會的邀請,擔任航測及遙測學刊總編輯,基於個人多年在UAV影像處理與應用的淺薄經驗,即著手進行特刊規劃與邀稿,經各方協力相助,今得以發行無人飛行載具技術之開發與應用特刊,介紹臺灣在無人飛行載具技術之開發與應用的最新發展。本期特刊收錄三篇學術論文介紹學界創新研究成果及二篇技術短文介紹產業界應用實例。首先,第一篇學術論文為應用UAV於農作物生長監測之「結合光學與紅外線熱影像正射鑲嵌處理」,第二篇學術論文應用UAV於農作物災害損失評估之「應用無人飛機航拍影像協助農業勘災—以香蕉災損影像判釋為例」,以及第三篇學術論文應用UAV於大氣邊界層觀測之「應用無人機觀測大氣邊界層結構」。最後二篇技術短文則與UAV影像應用相關,包括品質不佳UAV影像之偵測及排除之「以線散函數衍生特徵評估影像模糊度—應用於UAV影像篩選」,以及以UAV影像建置三維都市模型之「無人機傾斜攝影於三維都市模型重建之應用」。 因應UAV軟硬體設備與影像處理技術快速進步,其應用範圍也愈加廣泛多元,航測及遙測學刊期待經由此特刊的出版拋磚引玉,能讓國內產官學界瞭解臺灣在無人載具相關技術與應用成果,並希望未來有更多專家學者能夠投入UAV技術之開發與應用行列,為航遙測產業帶來一支新的發展領域。

Abstract

關鍵字

Keywords

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index?DocID=10218661-201806-201806270002-201806270002-i-i

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

71-81

論文名稱

結合光學與紅外線熱影像正射鑲嵌處理

Title

Orthomosaic Processing based on Infrared Thermal and Optical Imagery

作者

楊明德、莊子毅、韓仁毓

Author

Ming-Der Yang, Tzu-Yi Chuang, Jen-Yu Han

中文摘要

相較於傳統衛照與航照之遙感探測技術,無人機載具在機動性與量測精度上皆展現其優勢。本研究以建置稻作生命週期葉溫資料庫為目標,提出無人機光學與紅外線熱影像之自動化資料處理程序,協助後續針對稻作正常生長狀態、水分缺乏、養份缺乏、病蟲害等大量特徵分析作業,朝向精準農業經營與管理之目的。然而,目前紅外線熱影像的影像解析度仍遠不如光學影像,往往造成在影像內容判釋或特徵萃取處理上之難度。因此,本文著重於運用影像超解析重建技術提升紅外線熱影像之空間解析度,並同時提出產製紅外線熱影像鑲嵌圖之架構,藉以提升農耕地熱數據的全面評估與判釋成效。實際稻作影像處理成果顯示,超解析重建技術相較於一般內插處理,除了可提升影像解析度亦可維持影像內容資訊,並驗證正射熱影像鑲嵌圖製作之有效性。

Abstract

Unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) have shown their advantages in flexibility and resulting accuracy compared to remote sensing and aerial photogrammetry technology. In this study, a UAV equipped with optical and infrared thermal image sensors was used to document leaf temperatures of crops throughout their life cycle. Considering the spatial resolution of infrared thermal imaging is still inferior to optical images, this study proposes a scheme for generating the orthophoto of infrared thermal images and focuses on the use of super-resolution reconstruction techniques to improve the spatial resolution of infrared thermal imagery, promoting the effectiveness of subsequent image processing. The proposed method would facilitate comprehensive evaluation and analysis of thermal data of a wide range of agricultural land. The validations show that the super-resolution reconstruction technique is more effective than the general interpolation method in that it can not only increase the image resolution but also maintain the image content information, and verify the effectiveness of the orthographic image production as well.

關鍵字

無人機、紅外線熱影像、超解析重建、精準農業

Keywords

Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle, Infrared Thermal Image, Super-resolution Reconstruction, Precision agriculture

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index?DocID=10218661-201806-201806270002-201806270002-71-81

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

83-101

論文名稱

應用無人飛機航拍影像協助農業勘災—以香蕉災損影像判釋為例

Title

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Photography on Agricultural Post-disaster investigation – A Case Study on Image Interpretation of Banana Plantation Damages by Disasters

作者

周巧盈、巫思揚、陳琦玲

Author

Chiao-Ying Chou, Shi-Yang Wu, Chi-Ling Chen

中文摘要

無人飛行載具(UAV)拍攝技術的快速紀錄、高機動性與高空間解析度影像,能提供農損查報所需之空間輔助圖資,縮短人力勘災的時間並加速災後復耕。本研究應用UAV之高解析度影像,透過地理資訊系統之影像非監督分類、影像分割與數值地表模型(DSM),針對香蕉園風災後之傾倒情形,進行災損影像判釋技術之發展與不同判釋法之評估。結果顯示,UAV航拍之正射影像能清楚觀測香蕉園的災損範圍與相對災損情形,但DSM對園內的災損傾倒不具有效的判釋能力。影像非監督分類之像元式與物件導向式之災損判釋率比對現地核定之災損率,以災損率達20%為基準(透過30處地籍樣區),前者之災損判釋率為86.7%,後者為96.7%,兩者對於香蕉傾倒災損都具有十分高的判釋能力。雖然後者之災損判釋率高,但所需要的人力、技術與時間成本也都相對較高。因此,針對災後即時且大範圍香蕉園的勘災工作時,本研究推薦影像像元式之非監督分類技術,提供災後應變與勘災的空間輔助圖資,進行香蕉園災後大範圍的災損判釋與評估作業。

Abstract

In order to improve the reconnaissance, rescue processes and rehabilitation, the characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), including quickly recording, mobility, and high-spatial-resolution images, can provide maps on assisting the agricultural post-disaster investigation. In this study, geographic information system, image unsupervised classification, image segmentation, and digital surface model (DSM) are applied with UAV high-spatial-resolution images. The objectives of this study are to develop image interpretation techniques on banana plantation damages by typhoon disasters and to evaluate the abilities of agricultural damage interpretations among different techniques. As results, the damage region and the situation of banana plantations can be delineated by UAV orthophotos. However, DSM cannot discriminate the degrees of wind-thrown in plantations. In addition, comparing the interpretation damage rates of pixel-based and of object-oriented image unsupervised classifications, with ground-based official approves (according to 30 samples of cadastral applications with the baseline of 20% of damage rate), the damage rate of pixel-based image interpretation is 86.7% and the damage rate of object-oriented image interpretation is 96.7%. Both image interpretations can discriminate the banana plantation damages effectively. Although the latter performs better than the former, it demands higher on techniques, labor forces, and time consuming. Therefore, we suggest adopting the pixel-based unsupervised image classification to provide the maps on assisting in post-disaster operation and investigation for wide-region banana plantations.

關鍵字

地理資訊系統、農業災損、物件導向式影像分類、像元式影像分類、數值地表模型

Keywords

Geographic Information System, Agricultural Damage, Object-oriented Image Classification, Pixel-based Image Classification, Digital Surface Model (DSM)

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index?DocID=10218661-201806-201806270002-201806270002-83-101

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

103-113

論文名稱

應用無人機觀測大氣邊界層結構

Title

Observations on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure Using An Unmanned Aerial System

作者

柯立晉、王聖翔、黃翔昱、王悅晨、莊翔富、洪若雅、游志淇、張順欽

Author

Teo Li-Jin Ke, Sheng-Hsiang Wang, Hsiang-Yu Huang, Yueh-Chen Wang, Hsiang-Fu Chuang, Rou-Ya Hung, Zhi-Chi You, Shuenn-Chin Chang

中文摘要

大氣邊界層(Planetary Boundary Layer)位在地球大氣最底層,除了反映地表、人類活動與植被的相互作用外,其發展和結構也會影響許多天氣現象與空氣品質。本研究旨在建構一套近地面無人機觀測系統,並利用此系統探討邊界層的垂直發展結構及對應的空氣污染物的變化。實驗觀測時間地點為2017年8月於板橋探空站及鄰近空域,共進行了16趟的飛行任務,其中8月29日為密集觀測日,整合7筆無人機、3筆探空氣球氣象剖面及連續光達氣膠垂直分布資料,試圖完整解析出典型夏日北台灣的邊界層發展結構。本研究分析結果顯示,無人機配載微型探空系統,並應用於0-3公里內的氣象剖面觀測,結果與氣象局例行施放的探空氣球觀測結果具良好的一致性,尤其於邊界層頂的高度偵測上幾乎吻合,兩者主要的誤差來源為是否考慮溫溼度傳感器的輻射加熱效應,這部分可以做為後續修正改良的參考。除此之外,比較光達的消偏振比連續觀測資料,氣膠垂直分布不連續處也與探空觀測逆溫的位置相吻合,驗證了本觀測系統之準確性。在未來,將持續推動此觀測系統能酬載更多傳感器,獲取更全面觀測資料,以應用於大氣邊界層內物理機制探討與氣象模式改善之方向。

Abstract

NPlanetary boundary layer (PBL), the skin layer of atmosphere, has strong interactions with earth surface, human activities, and vegetation. The PBL structure and development has effects on many weather phenomena as well as air quality. In this study, we aim to observe the PBL structure and the evolution of air pollution vertically using an unmanned aerial system (UAS). The experiment was carried out in the New Taipei city nearby the Taipei sounding station in August of 2017. We had conducted 16 flights in total and 7 of them on 29th August. In addition, data from three sounding balloons and lidar observations enhance the data set for studying the PBL development for a typical summertime day on 29th. Our results show that the UAS provides the low-level (0-3 km) atmospheric profile with parameters (temperature, RH, and Pressure) in good agreement with the data observed by meteorological soundings, especially for the PBL height detection. The uncertainty analysis suggests that the radiation heating effect is the main issue causing the overestimation of temperature and RH. This potential error can be considered in the next generation sensor design. Furthermore, we compare the UAS observations with lidar depolarization ratio profiles. Normally, aerosols distributed within the PBL top height and lidar can easily detect the discontinue layer between aerosol and clean air (above PBL). The discontinue layer is associated to an inversion layer which can be observed by sounding data. Our lidar observation and UAS sounding has good agreement on the evolution of PBL top height during the daytime. All the observational results show the accuracy and reliable of the UAS for PBL application. In the future, this UAS will continue to promote the deployment of more sensors to obtain more comprehensive observation data. The understanding of PBL thermodynamic mechanism and numerical simulation can be improved with the new UAS technology applied.

關鍵字

無人機、大氣邊界層、探空氣球、光達

Keywords

UAS, PBL, Sounding balloon, Lidar

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index?DocID=10218661-201806-201806270002-201806270002-103-113

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

115-126

論文名稱

以線散函數衍生特徵評估影像模糊度—應用於UAV影像篩選

Title

LSF-derived Feature for Image Quality Assessment – A Case Study on UAV Image Selection

作者

張智安、溫張雲晟

Author

Tee-Ann Teo, Yun-Cheng Wen-Chang

中文摘要

無人飛行載具(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)影像具備高解析及高重疊率等優勢,但輕巧的UAV載具容易受強風與紊流影響,載具的不穩定可能導致模糊影像的問題。傳統上影像品質指標可使用大型地面人工標計算點散函數(Point Spread Function, PSF)而得,本技術短文透過影像中人工構造物的線型特徵自動化評估線散函數(Line Spread Function, LSF),首先使用直線段偵測(Line Segment Detector, LSD)演算法偵測影像中所有的直線段,其中階梯線(Step Edge)存在影像品質退化的趨勢,可應用於線散函數之評估。研究中以灰度值差條件篩選合格線,利用其邊緣散函數(Edge Spread Function, ESF)求得線散函數。最後藉由線散函數衍生特徵,由合格段之線散函數特徵擬合特徵橢圓,其特徵橢圓大小及長短軸比例可反映影像品質。研究資料為UAV影像及手持式GoPro Hero4序列影像,使用線散函數衍生特徵進行模糊影像分類實驗。本研究提出自動化評估影像品質的方法,並可進一步分類模糊影像,UAV影像及手持式影像之整體分類精度分別達88.9%及90%,驗證由線型特徵評估影像品質之可行性。

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) acquires high spatial resolution and highly overlapped images at low flying altitude. As the light-weight UAV is susceptible by strong winds and turbulence, the UAV instability will usually cause the blurred image and degrade the image quality. The image degradation function can be evaluated by point-spread function (PSF) and it is usually derived from the signalized target. This study presented an automatic LSF (line spread function)-derived feature to detect blurred image. It is based on the linear feature from the image itself. The linear features are detected by line segment detector (LSD) and the LSF is estimated by differentiating edge spread function (ESF). Only the step edges are preserved to calculate LSF-derived features such as size and azimuth of the ellipsoid. The test data includes UAV images and handheld images. We use the proposed LSF-derived features to separate the blur and non-blur images automatically. The overall accuracies reached 88.9% and 90% for UAV and handheld images, respectively. The experiments indicated that the proposed method is capable of detecting the blurred images automatically. Moreover, the blurred image can be excluded in photogrammetric processing to archive better accuracy.

關鍵字

無人飛行載具、線散函數、線型特徵

Keywords

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Line Spread Function, Linear Feature

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index?DocID=10218661-201806-201806270002-201806270002-115-126

備註說明

N / A

Pages:

127-140

論文名稱

無人機傾斜攝影於三維都市模型重建之應用

Title

Applications of UAV Oblique Photography to 3D Urban Model Construction

作者

羅正方、劉正倫、李良輝、陳信安、張庭榮、林昌鑑、施錦揮

Author

Cheng-Fang Lo, Cheng-Lun Liou, Liang-Huei Lee, Hsin-An Chen, Ting-Rong Chang, Chang-Jian Lin, Jin-Huei Shih

中文摘要

傾斜航空攝影測量作為近年來國際上發展十分迅速的一項高新技術,能夠獲取真實世界的三維場景資訊,是對傳統航空攝影測量技術的補充,為航空遙測領域提供了一種新的資料來源。本研究針對傾斜攝影,使用六旋翼型UAS搭載本團隊自行開發設計的多相機系統。其多相機雲台共搭載5部相機,測試多相機雲台進行傾斜影像三維重建的流程。並比較多相機系統拍攝不同傾斜影像與傳統垂直影像,以及使用不同航向與僅使用單一航向垂直加傾斜同步拍攝之不同角度影像製作三維重建模型之效果差異,最後並提出建議。

Abstract

In recent years, oblique photography has rapidly developed as an advanced technique which can easily acquire 3D panoramic data. It is a supplement to traditional aerial photography to provide a new source of information to the field of remote sensing. In this study, the GR6 Multi-Rotor UAS is used for oblique photogrammetry and is equipped with a gimbal, which was developed by our team, designed to carry cameras. The cameras are tested to carry out the procedures of oblique photography to generate their 3D urban landscape reconstruction and compare the results different oblique photos with traditional orthogonal photos. This is done to compare the discrepancies caused by the effect of the different directions of the angles in both the oblique photos and the vertical angle of the orthogonal photos from a single flight. At last, recommendations should be made.

關鍵字

傾斜攝影、運動中恢復結構方法、點雲疏化、三維重建

Keywords

oblique photography, structure from motion, point cloud thinning, 3D reconstruction

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index?DocID=10218661-201806-201806270002-201806270002-127-140

備註說明

N / A

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