ENGLISH

9卷/1期

9卷/1期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

1-12

論文名稱

利用衛星遙測海面高度及海面溫度估算熱帶太平洋上層海洋熱含量異常及混合層厚度

Title

A Study of Upper Layer Heat Storage Anomaly in Tropical Pacific Using Satellite Altimetry and Thermometry

作者

粘慶熙,劉倬騰

Author

Ching-Hsi Nan, Cho-Teng Liu

中文摘要

上層海洋的熱含量異常主要是海洋溫度異常對上層海水的積分,海水溫度升高時,其熱膨脹效應會提高海水比容,而造成海面升高,所以海面高度異常值可用來反推上層海洋的熱含量變動值。從過去的研究可以發現兩者間有很高的線性相關,這表示可以從高度計資料估計上層海洋熱含量的變動量。而對上層海洋的熱含量而言,從高度計資料可以得知整個溫度剖面的變動量,從長期平均值可以估計斜溫層下方的溫度分佈,再加上海面溫度的量測,我們可以估計整個上層海洋溫度的剖面變化。在熱帶東太平洋海域,熱含量異常可由Tropical Atmosphere Ocean(TAO)陣列的海水溫度剖面量測值估算,其誤差約為23x107 J/m2 ,海面高度異常可由TOPEX/POSEIDON(TP)高度計量測,由此海面高度異常估計的熱含量異常誤差約為20~30 x107 J/m2。由於上層海洋熱含量主要是決定海面溫度及混合層厚度,所以本研究使用TP海面高度計資料、地球同步衛星海面溫資料(GOES)、以及TAO錨碇溫度計串的資料,研究熱帶東太平洋上層海洋熱含量的變化及混合層厚度。結果顯示,用本方法估計的混合層厚度,比用長期平均值準確,但因GOES海面溫資料的品質隨海域而不同,本方法的準確度亦隨海域而不同。

Abstract

The heat content (H) of the ocean upper layer may be calculated directly by integrating the water temperature over depth. Its anomaly may be estimated by the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) that is associated with the thermal expansion effect of the water column. In the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, we may use the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean (TAO) temperature array to estimate the heat content anomaly with root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 23x107(J/m2 ), or use the SSHA of TOPEXIPOSEIDON (TP) to estimate with RMSD of 20 X 107~30 x107 (J/m2 ). High correlation between these estimates was found in the earlier studies. This assures that we may estimate the heat content anomaly of the ocean upper layer with altimeter data. Because the mixed layer and thermocline dominate the temperature profile, H is mostly determined by the sea surface temperature (SST) and the mixed layer depth (h) if the shape of temperature profile in the thermocline does not change much. With this assumption, we use the estimated SST from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and the computed SSHA from TP to derive the temporal change of mixed layer depth h. The quality of this method in estimating h is assessed with the in situ measured h by the TAO array of temperature sensors. It was found that using GOES SST and TP' SSHA to estimate h is much better than nocast data, i.e. the long term mean h. It is also found that the accuracy of GOES SST varies with region, therefore the RMSD of h has regional dependence.

關鍵字

上層海洋熱含量,海面高度,海面溫度,衛星遙測

Keywords

Heat Contents, Sea Surface Anomaly, Sea Surface Temperature, Remote Sensing.

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200403-9-1-1-12

Pages:

13-26

論文名稱

不同影像分類方法應用於水稻辨識之探討

Title

The Evaluation of Image Classification Methods for Rice Paddy Interpretation

作者

蕭國鑫,劉治中,徐偉城

Author

Kuo-Hsin HSIAO, Chi-Chung LAU, Wei-Chen HSU

中文摘要

本研究結合遙測多時影像與耕地資料,利用①NDVI指數區間判釋法②貝氏機率法③統計機率法④物件導向模糊分類等方法辨識水稻坵塊分布。後三種分類方法完成對應垣塊被辨識為水稻的機率後,再轉換為硬式二分類別,以判釋該垣塊是否為水稻田,並比對航照判釋資料評估分類精度。研究結果顯示以兩幅的,1/5,000像片基本圖為測試範圍,評估二分類別辨識水稻的全體精度與k 指標,以貝氏機率分類法最佳(96.27% 與0.92),NDVI指數區間判釋法次之(92.22% 與0.83),統計機率分類法再次之(91.89%及0.82) ,物件導向模糊分類法則為90.97%與0.81。前兩種分類方法推廣到苗栗、台南與屏東地區的水稻田判釋分類,貝氏機率分類的全體精度與k ̂指標平均較NDVI指數區間判釋法高1~4%及0.04~0.15。所以利用貝氏機率分類除了可以得到坵塊被辨識為水稻的機率外,轉換為二分類別亦可得到較佳的分類結果。

Abstract

Multi-temporal imageries and cadastral GIS datasets were combined to interpret the rice paddy distributions, by applying the following means: (1) NDVI intervals approach on basis of multi-temporal SPOT images, (2) the Bayesian classifier based on spectral reflectance curve measured from different growth stages, (3) the statistic probability classifier, (4) the object oriented fuzzy classifier. Results of last three classification approaches were coupled with a prediction of probability. A selected threshold was applied to the results to obtain a dichotomy category. These results were compared with visual interpreting data from aerial photos for assessing accuracy. It " shows that the overall accuracies and k ̂ index for the four means are 92.22% & 0.83, 96.27% & 0.92,91.89% & 0.82 and 90.97% & 0.81, respectively. Similar approach is applied to a contrast test site for the rice paddy in the first season. The results of the above-mentioned classifiers show overall accuracies and k ̂ index of 94.27% & 0.83, 95.43% & 0.87 and 92.75% & 0.79 that deducted from the object oriented fuzzy classifier. For the rice paddy in the second season, results of the above-mentioned three classifiers show overall accuracies and k ̂ index of 93.99% & 0.79, 95.33% & 0.84 and 93.47% & 0.77. There are the same classified results that applied to Tainan and Pindong County for rice paddy interpretation. It is concluded that the Bayesian classifier not only can generate probability of each class, but also give better classified results after thresholding process.

關鍵字

水稻坵塊辨識、遙測、影像分類、正規化差異植生指數

Keywords

Rice Paddy Interpreted, Remote Sensing, Image Classification, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200403-9-1-13-26

Pages:

27-40

論文名稱

以基因演算法解算CSG模型與影像之最佳套合

Title

CSG Model-image Fitting Using Genetic Algorithms

作者

林志交, 曾義星

Author

Chih-Chiao Lin, Yi-Hsing Tseng

中文摘要

本文探討如何應用基因演算法(Genetic Algorithms, GA)來進行模型與影像的套合,研究重點在於適應函式(Fitness Function)的設計及收斂結果的評估,期能藉其優異的全域搜尋能力來改善牛頓法需要良好近似值的缺點。方法乃針對欲套合的建物模型,合理地給予各模型參數範圍,根據基因演算法的群族式搜尋概念,將一群初始模型依已知的內、外方位投影至航照像片,利用投影的模型邊緣線與建物影像邊緣線像元間之不符值平方和為最小的目標下設計一套適應函式,並同時考量每條邊緣線環域(Buffer)內的點數及線段長度以評估各模型之適應性,經過一系列再生、交配、與突變的演化過程後,擁有最高適應值的模型即為套合結果。實驗結果顯示基因演算法在本文所採用的適應函式下,確實能廣域搜尋得近似最佳解(Near- optimal Solution) 。

Abstract

The previously proposed Least-squares Model-image Fitting (LSMIF) algorithm for Model-based building extraction (MBBE) is an iterative solution using Newton's method, which needs good initial approximations of the unknown parameters. This thesis, therefore, tailored a Genetic Algorithms (GA) to be a new model-image fitting method for MBBE, which does not need good approximations. We focus on the design of fitness function and the assessment of fitting results. In the approach, the initial population is generated randomly in the predefined parameter domain. Consequently, this population of primitives are transformed to object coordinate system with pose and shape parameters and projected to photo coordinate system with the known exterior orientation parameters. We propose a fitness function, which take the number of edge pixels in the buffer, the length of projected edge line into consideration as well as the sum of the perpendicular distances from the edge pixels to the projected edge lines. After a series of reproduction, crossover, and mutation operators, the solution is found by keeping the evolved model with highest fitness value in each generation. Our experiments show that GA can correctly and globally find the near-optimal solution.

關鍵字

模型式建物萃取、建構實體幾何、模型影像套合、基因演算法

Keywords

Model-based Building Extraction, Constructive Solid Geometry, Model-image Fitting, Genetic Algorithms.

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200403-9-1-27-40

Pages:

41-52

論文名稱

森林生態系經營決策支援系統之建立與應用

Title

Establishment and Application of Forest Ecosystem Management Decision Support System

作者

王素芬, 陳永寬, 鄭祈全

Author

Su-Fen Wang, Yeong-Kuan Chen, Chi-Chuan Cheng

中文摘要

本研究以生態系經營決策支援系統(EMDS) 為工具,結合林地分級階層式架構和數學規劃,建立多尺度林地分級決策支援系統,研究中以林地適宜性分析和台灣杉潛在適宜區評估為例,建立其在林業之應用。研究結果如下:(一)、該系統可迅速有效地進行林地規劃,並針對不同管理階層之經營需要,將林地分級與不同管理階層間的經營模式結合。(二)、模糊邏輯理論上較符合生態環境之特性,若以數學規劃配合輔助知識庫評估準則的建立,可提高評估合理性。(三)、台灣杉潛在適宜區的評估結果,與實際林況大致相符,在未來選擇樹種生育地上極具參考價值。

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to establish a muti-scales forest-land classification decision support system under the ecosystem management hierarchical principle. The mathematic programming method is used to assist the fuzzy logic approach to rationalize the criteria of classification in the knowledge-base, and this system can help the manager to make decisions in the different management levels. Meanwhile, this system is used to estimate the potential area of Taiwania. The conclusions can be draw as the followings: 1. Forest-land classification decision support system can help us to program the forest land efficiently. This system provides the decision reference to the managers in different levels and integrates the management model among different hierarchical levels. 2. Fuzzy logic is more correspond with the environment characteristic in theory, therefore the reasonable classification result can be obtained by the combination of mathematic programming and fuzzy logic criteria in the knowledge-base.3. The assessment of Taiwania potential area with forest-land classification decision support system is approximate to the actual Taiwania distribution. It shows that the system is useful to site selection.

關鍵字

生態系經營決策支援系統、林地分級、數學規劃 、模糊邏輯

Keywords

Ecosystem management, Decision support, Forest-land, classification, Mathematic, programming, Fuzzy logic

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200403-9-1-41-52

Pages:

53-76

論文名稱

建築物幾何模塑及其於航照影像正射化之應用

Title

Geometrical Building Modeling and Its Application to the Ortho-Rectification for Aerial Images

作者

饒見有, 陳良健

Author

Jiann-Yeou Rau, Liang-Chien Chen

中文摘要

有鑑於三維城市模型的重要性以及大量的需求,有必要針對建築物幾何模塑建立一套有效的解決方案。著眼於實用的角度,本文提出一基於半自動化策略進行建築物幾何模塑(Geometrical Modeling)之交談式系統,並且提出一基於完全自動化策略進行影像正射化(Ortho Rectification)之程序,將前者所產生之建築物三維模型應用於都會區真實正射影像(True-Orthophoto) 之製程上。本研究利用人工量測可視之屋緣線段,或者利用現有數值航測製圖所產生的都會區建築物資料,以最少的人力需求來建立三維城市模型。主要核心技術稱為「分割-合併-成形」(Split-Merge-Shape , SMS)演算法。其中「分割-合併」兩步驟主要在重建屋緣線段之間的拓樸關係,以完成房屋邊界之封閉多邊形。而「成形」步驟則是利用屋緣之高度資訊,來判定屋頂面為平面或斜面。利用本技術可結合「數值航測製圖」與「三維城市模型」之製作程序,以提昇效率與成果之品質。在傳統航空像片正射化的過程中,通常僅利用地形高度進行正射糾正,也就是說並未對建築物進行高差移位修正,同時也未對被遮蔽區進行資訊補償,加上建築物所造成之陰影效應,嚴重影響到成果之可用性與正確性。為了有效回復建築物之正確位置以及被遮蔽區與陰影區之資訊,本文提出一自動化程序,利用SMS所產生之多面體房屋模型、多重疊航空像片、數值地形模型與太陽方位等資訊,來進行其實正射影像糾正。同時將建築物高差移位修正、遮蔽區資訊補償、補償區邊緣勻化以及陰影區影像增顯等步驟合而為一,以提昇正射影像之品質。文中首先對相關文獻在建築物幾何模塑,以及影像正射化方面做一全面性探討。而在建築物幾何模塑方面,針對所提出之SMS 技術在邏輯上之建全性、處理效率、成果之準確度等方面,進行量化分析。並將所產生之三維建築物資料,配合數值地形模型,應用在真實正射影像之製作、都市三維景觀模擬以及三維地理資訊系統之查詢上,以展現SMS技術之實用性。

Abstract

Due to the huge demand and the importance of 3-D city models, an effective solution for geometrical building modeling is indispensable. From the application point of view, an interactive system for geometrical building modeling based on a semi-automatic approach is presented. A true-orthophoto rectification scheme based on the generated building models is also proposed. The data used in the proposed system are 3-D visible roof-edges that have been manually measured from a stereo-model, or the 3-D building outlines from a digital topographic map. The core technology is called the "Split-Merge-Shape" (SMS) method. The SPLIT and MERGE steps are the two main procedures for topology reconstruction from non-related roof-edges. The SHAPE step uses the available roof-edge height information to define an appropriate rooftop. With the SMS method, the topographic mapping of buildings, and geometric building modeling, can be seamlessly integrated into a unified procedure. In a conventional ortho-rectification procedure using a digital terrain model, the correction of relief displacement due to buildings is not considered. In order to restore the most complete information and to correct the relief displacement of buildings, a rigorous true-orthophoto rectification scheme is~proposed. In the proposed scheme, 3-D building models, multi-view aerial images, digital terrain models, and the sun's orientation are all utilized. Terrain and building relief displacement corrections as well as hidden area compensation, seamless mosaicking, and shadowed area enhancement are integrated into one procedure. In this paper, the SMS method is presented, including an evaluation of its feasibility, robustness, efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the generated building models are applied to true-orthophoto generation and 3-D GIS querying.

關鍵字

建築物幾何模塑、分割-合併-成形、真實正射影像

Keywords

Building Modeling, Split-Merge-Shape, True-Orthophotos

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200403-9-1-53-76

Pages:

77-94

論文名稱

應用GIS 技術於野生動物物種多樣性空間分布型態之研究

Title

Study on the Application of GIS Techniques in the Geographical Pattern of Wildlife Species Diversity

作者

林金樹

Author

Chinsu Lin

中文摘要

森林保護與資源保育為當代森林生態系經營的主要目標,建立適當且合理使用森林資源的林地分區體系更是達成森林資源永續經營的重要基礎。野生動物資源的分佈是規劃資源保育區時必須考量的重要因子之一,由於複雜的森林環境之限制,調查者很難掌握存在於森林內的野生動物每一物種的個體數量,也難以利用Shannon與Simpson等多樣性指標分析野生動物的生物多樣性及其在空間上之分佈。本研究利用物種多樣性(species diversity)為生物多樣性指標的量化基礎,並發展出EPD與EPH指標表現物種多樣性,以空間統計方法繪製生物多樣性的空間分佈圖,探討嘉義地區兩棲類、爬蟲類、鳥類以及哺乳類等脊椎類野生動物物種多樣性的空間分布型態,研究結果可供比較林區生物多樣性的空間特徵,並作為林地分級規劃林地使用分區之參考。研究結果顯示,EPH指標與物種多樣性的意義是一致的。

Abstract

Forest protection and resources conservation are the major goals of modem forest ecosystem management (FEM). In order to promote the sustainable FEM, a suitable mechanism for forestland classification and a map of wildlife resources would be the important basis for delineating the boundary of resources conservation. Unfortunately, the complicated native environment makes the surveying of all the individuals wildlife not feasible. The quantitative index of both Shannon's and Simpson's diversity are hence not available for depicting the spatially variation of wildlife biodiversity. This study applied the species diversity as the basis of biodiversity quantification and developed EPD and EPR indices for representing the wildlife's diversity. We then use the geostatistical technique to derive the spatial distribution of species diversity of the amphibians, reptilians, birds, and mammals wildlife. The geographical pattern of diversity indices of those vertebrate wildlife is also explored and the biodiversity map could then be applied for regionalizing the forestland for sustainable FEM. Results demonstrates that EPH is an identifiable index of species diversity.

關鍵字

物種多樣性、多樣性製圖、脊椎動物、空間統計法、地理資訊系統

Keywords

species diversity, biodiversity mapping, vertebrate wildlife, geostatistics, GIS

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200403-9-1-77-94

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