ENGLISH

9卷/2期

9卷/2期

華藝線上圖書館

Pages:

1-8

論文名稱

利用數值地形分析探討大屯火山群火山地形

Title

DTM for Mapping the Volcanic Landforms of Tatun Volcano Group in Northern Taiwan

作者

楊志成,劉進金,黃明哲,陳文山

Author

Chih-Cheng YANG, Jin-King LIU, Min-Ther HUANG, Wen-San CHENI

中文摘要

本研究以3D數值模擬地形配合坡度分析來判釋大屯山地區的火山地形,分別辨識出十個火山口、二十九個火山錐體、四十幾道舌狀熔岩流以及二百多條位於熔岩平台上的平行狀弧形脊。火山錐體的坡度介於26°-48°,舌狀熔岩平台的坡度大都低於10°,顯示長期以來本區域噴發的岩漿以黏滯性較高的熔岩流型態為主。判釋結果顯示具良好火山外形的有烘爐山、大屯山、二子山、面天山、七星山、七股山、紗帽山、冬瓜山、礦嘴山及嵩山2 等,屬於晚期噴發的火山,其岩性為玄武岩、橄欖石一角閃石一輝石安山岩與紫蘇輝石一角閃石安山岩。火山外形不明顯的有內寮山、南大屯山、八煙山、小觀音山、竹子山、白雲山、小草山、鵝米山、鹿寮坪莊山、大尖山、嵩山1、菜公坑山、丁火朽山、內寮山、栳寮湖山、八斗山1、八斗山2 等,屬於早期噴發的火山,其岩性為兩輝安山岩、兩輝一角閃石安山岩、角閃石兩輝安山岩與角閃石安山岩。

Abstract

Digital Terrain Model with a 40m grid was adopted to analyze the landscape characteristics of volcanic morphology in Tatun Volcano Group of northern Taiwan. By scrutinizing the slope map derived from the DTM, 10 volcanic craters, 29 volcanic cones, some 40 lava lobes and more than 200 ogives are readily identifiable. The slope gradients of volcanic cones are in the range of 26°-48°. The gradients of the table surface of the lava lobes are mostly less than 10°, which implies high viscosity of lava flows in this area. It is also shown that the morphologic features of volcanoes erupted in earlier stage are not remained so well as those 10 craters formed in a relative late stage when visualized in 3D perspectives, derived from DTM.

關鍵字

數值地形、火山地形、大屯火山群

Keywords

DTM, Volcanic Landform, Tatun Volcano Group

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200406-9-2-1-8.pdf

Pages:

9-22

論文名稱

SPOT衛星影像之崩塌地自動分類研究

Title

Automatic Classification of Landslides on a SPOT Image

作者

劉守恆,林慶偉

Author

Shou-Heng Liu, Ching-Weei Lin

中文摘要

本研究主要探討使用單幅SPOT衛星影像資料進行自動辨識崩塌地的可行方法,並分析其適用性與準確度;同時以地震前後多時期SPOT衛星影像資料進行崩塌地自動判釋,分析921地震事件對於濁水溪流域內崩塌地發育之影響。一般影像自動判釋工作常以影像之分類法來完成,本研究經由理論方法的計算,發現在研究區域內以航空照片判釋所得之崩塌地為比對的基準下,以SPOT影像資料為基礎的分類法其生產者與使用者準確度之平均值可達到70%,但是在實際應用上卻與理論值有20%~40%的誤差,無法滿足實際應用的要求。本研究中利用SPOT影像波段3與波段2之比值進行比值轉換處理可有效提升判釋之準確度,分類後生產者準確度可提高到50%。並用坡度因子將坡度小於10度之非崩塌地濾除,可以進一步提升生產者準確度到76%。此外,研究中還對崩塌面積及不同坡度分布下的判釋準確度變化進行探討。綜合分析的結果,以衛星影像進行崩塌地自動判釋不但分析迅速,又具有相當的實用性,確實為一項研究坡地相關災害的有力工具。

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate approaches of automatic classification for landslide on a SPOT image. Additionally, 8 SPOT images that taken from 1996 to 2001 were used to understand the impact of the Chi-Chi Earthquake on the occurrences of landslide in the Choushuichi watershed. Compared to the interpretation of aerial photos, theoretical calculation shows that the average of producer's and user's accuracy in automatic classification of landslide can reach 70%. However, in comparison with theoretical calculation, 20-40% errors can be produced when we apply these techniques. In this study, the producer's accuracy can be increased to 50% when the ratio of band 3lband 2 is applied in vector image transformation. Besides, the produce's accuracy can further significantly be increased to 76% if the hill slope is used as a filter to delete the areas with similar characteristics as landslides when its slope is less than 10°• Although the accuracy of automatic classification of landslides in a SPOT image is still less than that identified from aerial photos, it is a fast, economic, and powerful tool to continuously monitor occurrences of landslides.

關鍵字

崩塌地、自動分類、SPOT 衛星影像

Keywords

landslide, automatic classification, SPOT image

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200406-9-2-9-22

Pages:

23-42

論文名稱

捷鳥衛星影像應用於墾丁淺海水深之測繪分析

Title

Bathymetric Mapping in Kending Shallow Waters Using A QuickBird Imagery

作者

呂黎光

Author

Li-Guang Leu

中文摘要

淺海水深測繪工作十分繁複,海上作業風險大、耗時、費力,儀器、人員維持費用並不經濟,此外,又不能經常量測,無法快速取得最新水深資訊,以遙測技術之快速、廣域與經常性的特長,正可彌補現場水深測繪工作的不足。遙測水深方法眾多,受限於空間測深精度要求,以及海域水質、底質的影響,並非各種方法都能適用。近年來高解析度衛星影像的商業化,激發淺海水深遙測重新考慮使用可見光波段,本研究即選用高解析度之QuickBird衛星影像,對水質較為清徹的墾丁南灣海域進行淺海水深遙測分析,從理論解析及統計分析,對不同地區海域及不同水深,分區、分深淺進行遙測水深迴歸分析與探討,期望建立合適之可見光遙測水深模式。

Abstract

The bathymetry of coastal waters is of vital importance to coastal ocean engineering projects as well as the shipping safety. The conventional method for measuring water depths uses the shipboard echo sounder, which is accurate for point-measurement, but is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task. For periodic survey of bathymetry at synoptic scale, the remote sensing method may be a viable alternative. The goal of this research is to develop an indirect and more expedient method to map the bathymetry of coastal waters. There are several indirect methods for remotely sensed water depths. One is the optical bathymetry method, which is based on the principle that the total reflected energy of electromagnetic waves from a water column (including the water surface, the water body and the sea bottom) varies with the water depth. Actually, the reflectivity of visible light depends on the quality of the water column and the type of sea floor; the depth of highly turbid water is difficult to be determined by the optical bathymetry method. Presently, satellite image of QuickBird with 2.4m/pixel is one of high spatial resolution images. Avoiding the affection of variant quality of water column, One QuickBird image, covering the shallow water of Kending and Nanwan with light pollution, was chosen and analyzed to derive the bathymetry. This research finds that the optical bathymetry method is more feasible to bathymetric mapping in shallow water when the water depth is shallower than 12m.

關鍵字

水深測繪、遙感探測、可見光波段、捷鳥影像

Keywords

Bathymetric Mapping, Remote sensing, Visible band, QuickBird image

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200406-9-2-23-42

Pages:

43-58

論文名稱

指標克利金空間推估應用於衛星遙測影像分類

Title

Remote Sensing Image Classification Using Indicator Kriging

作者

江介倫;鄭克聲

Author

Jie-Lun Chiang;Ke-Sheng Cheng

中文摘要

土地利用與地表覆蓋分類爲術星遙測之重要研究與應用主題。影像分類之理論與方法甚多,包括最近均值法、最大概似法、具氏分類法等。雖然各種方法之假設與理論基礎有別,但影像分類本質上爲特徵空間切割之問題。個別地表覆蓋類別之樣本點在特徵空間中㚵聚並佔有特定之區域。由於樣本點在特徵空間的分佈具隨機之特性,且可能爲非等向性,故本研究應用空間模式中之指標克利金推估,將影像分類之問題轉換爲特徵空間類別指標之機率推估,以達到影像分類之目的。研究中我們將各種類別在特徵空間之分佈視為一個指標變數之隨機變域,並發展一個以指標變域空間推估為基礎之新的分類理論。此分類法具有如下之優點:(1)可處理特徵空間中非等向分佈之問題,(2)該方法屬於無母數分類法,不需假設各類特徵之機率分佈型式,(3)對訓練像元之分類正確率可達100%。我們採用SPOT衛星多光譜影像,應用此分類方法於臺北部分地區及南投地區等兩不同研究區,除訓練樣區外,並選取驗證像元以驗證分類之精確度,且與傳統最大概似法比較;初步研究成果顯示即使是針對驗證像元,指標克利金分類法亦可達到99.6%之分類正確率,且分類正確率皆高於最大概似法之分類結果,將分類結果與該區相近時期之航空照片比較,亦顯示指標克利金分類方法在整個區域之分類表現明顯優於最大概似分類法。

Abstract

Landuse classification is one of the major applications of satellite remote sensing. Many classification methods exist including nearest-to-means, maximum likelihood classification method, Bayes classification method, and neural network classification. Although these classification methods differ in their statistical and mathematical basis, the work of image classification is essentially a feature space partition problem, i.e., we look for algorithms that divide the n-dimensional feature space into k sub-spaces. Scattering of sample points of individual classes in the feature space may be anisotropically or randomly distributed; therefore, the spatial modeling algorithms such as kriging are ideal for estimation in feature space. In this study, we consider the scattering of each individual class as an indicator random field and developed a classification algorithm based on anisotropic indicator random field estimation. For each point X in the feature space, the proposed algorithm calculates the probabilities that X belongs to each individual classes using indicator kriging, and then assign X to the class with highest probability. The proposed indicator kriging classification algorithm has the following advantages: (1) it can deal with anisotropic problem in feature space, (2) it is a nonparametric method, and need not to know the type of probability distribution, and (3) it yields 100% classification accuracy for the training data. Preliminary results of landuse classification using SPOT images for a test area in Taipei show the indicator kriging classification algorithm outperformed the maximum likelihood.

關鍵字

指標克利金法,影像分類,特徵空間

Keywords

Indicator kriging,Image classification,feature space

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200406-9-2-43-58

Pages:

59-76

論文名稱

美國NASA/JPL空載INSAR在臺灣測定的數值高程模型成果分析

Title

Analysis of TOPSAR_DEMs in Taiwan Determined by NAS/AIJPL Airborne SAR Interferometry

作者

蔡展榮;林紀綱

Author

Jaan-Rong Tsay;Ji-Gang Lin

中文摘要

本文分析西元2000年美國航空暨太空總署噴射推進實驗室(NASA/JPL)的「環太平洋全偏極合成孔徑雷達計畫」採用”空載合成孔徑雷達干涉測量法(INSAR)”在臺灣中部地區測定的數值高程模型成果TOPSAR_DEM,俾以瞭解空載INSAR測量法求定真實臺灣環境下的TOPSAR_DEM之誤差大小和性質,藉以提供未來實務應用與研究之參考。分析結果顯示,TOPSAR_DEM呈現的高程面走勢大致與高精度參考DEM者吻合,但兩者之間仍存在著顯著的系統偏差,且系統偏差呈現非線性的空間分佈。隨機誤差在平地區域較小,約1~5公尺(=1.1~5.8‰H,雷達高度H≈8500m),高山區域較大,約10~15公尺。在實驗區總面積約4764平方公里、高程參考點總數約257萬點的成果中,粗差發生之比例約為1~2%。無法測定高程的區域約佔總施測面積的6.37%(整體平均)或18.22%(高山區)。

Abstract

This paper analyzes the error property of the so-called TOPSAR_DEMs, which are the digital elevation models (DEMs) determined by NASA/JPL airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) technique in the mid Taiwan area using C-and/or L-bands during the PacRim 2000 Mission. After horizontal and vertical datum transformation operations, we estimate and analyze the systematic bias, random error, and blunder as well involved in the TOPSAR_DEMs. Also, the areas where airborne INSAR cannot determine the height are examined. Analysis results indicate that both TOPSAR_DEM and reference DEM have very similar terrain surface trend. However, height differences between both still have significant systematic bias. In general, the systematic bias is a non-linear function of point position. The RMS value of the random error components in the flat areas (about l~5m) is smaller than in the hilly areas (about 10~15m). In c.a.4746 km(superscript 2) of study areas with about 2.5 million DEM points, there is about 1~2% of DEM points with blunder. The percentage of points on which TOPSAR cannot determine the heights is about 6.37% in average and 18.22% in mountainous area, respectively.

關鍵字

空載合成孔徑雷達干涉測量法,數值高程模型

Keywords

Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry,Digital Elevation Model(DEM)

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200406-9-2-59-76

Pages:

77-88

論文名稱

時間序列之混凝土影像半自動裂縫變遷偵測

Title

Semi-automatic Crack Change Detection on Multi-temporal Concrete Images

作者

陳良健;黃成偉

Author

Liang-Chien Chen;Cheng-Wei Huang

中文摘要

混凝土結構物受到物理或化學因素將會導致裂縫生成。本研究提出一套使用非接觸性量測方式來分析膨脹量與裂縫寬度間之關係,滿足對量測結果之一致性與重複性。使用非量測性相機近景攝影測量裂縫板塊,續以高解析度掃描器掃描成數值影像,以率定參數改正影像及二維投影轉換求得時間序列裂縫像空間影像及物空間關係。裂縫搜尋中為了提高其成果之可靠性因此採用半自動之方式,在裂縫分叉或端點之特徵輸入概略人工影像種子點。由於人工種子點並非準確落在特徵點,因此在種子點座落區域取目標視窗,使用基底函數轉換邊界偵測、區域增長消除雜訊區塊、裂縫區塊骨骼細化,接著尋找裂縫交叉點及端點,準確尋找出種子點應座落的位置,以此位置匹配後時期裂縫影像種子點,續以偵測前後時期裂縫邊界,利用局部套合求得高相對精度,求得裂縫成長的情況。

Abstract

The elements of concrete structures suffering from chemical reactions tend to be an expansion phenomenon, which leads to cracks. Non-contact measurement is employed to analysis the relationship between concrete expansion and crack width. This paper deals with semi-automatic crack feature extraction from digital multi-temporal close-range images with non-metric camera and processes the image adjustment with lens distortion parameters. Furthermore, the relationship between image and object space is obtained by 2-D projective transformation to do tilt rectification. Only few roughly manual seed points are required on crotches of crack features. Then, the shape and position may be illustrated with automatic feature extraction in two-dimensional image space. Because manual seed points are not exactly located on the crack features, two methods are proposed to search the geometric crack features, such as crotches. Wavelet transformation, clumpping, thinning and crossing algorithm are processed sequentialy to reach the semi-automatic feature extraciton purpose. Depending on these seed points, crack tracks and edges are determined by the method in this paper. Local image registration is utilized to raise relative accuracy and acquire the expansion of concrete cracks.

關鍵字

近景攝影,半自動化,變遷偵測

Keywords

Close-range,Semi-automatic,Change Detection

附件檔名

華芸線上圖書館

N / A

備註說明

200406-9-2-77-88

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